Table 1.

Summary of randomized studies directly comparing CBT to hypnotic medications

Study	Treatment conditionsa	N, mean age	Results at posttreatment	Follow-up period	Results at follow-up
McClusky et al105	CBT vs TZ	N = 30, mean age = 32	Self-report: CBT = TZ for improvements in SL and TST	9 weeks	All participants maintained gains for SL and TST, CBT >TZ for improvements in SL CBT = TZ for TST
Morin et al41	CBT vs TM vs PL	N = 78, mean age = 65	Self-report: CBT, TM > PL for improvements in TWT, SE, WASO PSG: CBT, TM > PL for improvements in WASO	24 months	Only CBT participants maintained sleep gains for TWT, WASO, SE
Jacobs et al46	CBT vs ZP vs PL	N = 63, mean age = 47	Self-report: CBT > ZP for improvements in SL, SE CBT = ZP for improvements in TST	12 months	Only CBT had f/u. All CBT gains maintained
Sivertsen et al45	CBT vs ZP vs PL	N = 46, mean age = 62	Self-report: CBT = ZP for improvements in TWT and TST PSG: CBT > ZP, PL for improvements in TWT CBT > PL for SE	6 months	Self-report: CBT > ZP for improvements in TWT PSG: CBT > ZP for improvements in TWT, SE
Wu et al106	CBT vs TM vs PL	N = 71, mean age 38	Self-report and PSG: TM, CBT > PL for improvements in SL, SE, TST TM > CBT for improvements in SL, SE, TST	8 months	Self-report and PSG: CBT > TM for improvements in SL, SE, TST

Notes:

^aBecause the purpose of this table was to show results of a direct comparison of CBT to hypnotics in a randomized study, treatment groups that combined CBT and hypnotic medication were not reported.

Abbreviations: CBT, cognitive behavioral therapy; PL, placebo; PSG, polysomnography; SL, sleep latency; SE, sleep efficiency; TM, temazepam; TST, total sleep time; TWT, total wake time; TZ, triazolam; WASO, wake after sleep onset; ZP, zoplicone.