Table 1.

Experimental studies describing the effects of 11β-HSD inhibition or deficiency on vascular inflammation

11β-HSD1 inhibition/deficiency	Species	Outcome	Ref
11β-HSD1 inhibitor (Compound 544)	Apoe −/− mice	↓ atherosclerosis	[91]
		↓ circulating cholesterol
		↓ circulating MCP-1
11β-HSD1 inhibitor (Compound L-750)	Apoe −/− mice	↓ atherosclerosis	[67•]
		≠ circulating lipids
		↓ circulating MCP-1 and aortic MCP-1 mRNA expression
		↓ expression of: inflammatory, adhesive and coagulation factors in the vasculature
11β-HSD inhibitor (Compound 2922)	Ldlr −/− Apob 100/100 Lep ob/ob mice	≠ atherosclerosis	[92]
		↓ circulating LDL
		improved glucose homeostasis
11β-HSD inhibitor Carbenoxolone (inhibits both isozymes)	Ldlr −/− Agouti −/− mice	↓ atherosclerosis in severely obese mice (additional agouti mutation) ↓ circulating lipids	[93]
11β-HSD1 inhibitor (Compound 544)	Apoe −/− mice	↓ atherosclerosis ≠ fasting plasma cholesterol, triglycerides or NEFA ↑ plaque stability	[96•]
11β-HSD1 deficiency	Hsd11b1 −/− Apoe −/− mice	↓ atherosclerosis	[96•]
		≠ circulating lipids
		↓ circulating MCP-1
		↓ circulating Ly6Chi monocytes
		≠ macrophage density into lesions
		↓ T cell infiltration into lesions
		↓ aortic VCAM-1 mRNA expression
		↓ atherosclerosis in irradiated Apoe −/− mice receiving bone marrow cells from Hsd11b1 −/− Apoe −/− donor mice
11β-HSD2 deficiency	Hsd11b2 −/− Apoe −/− mice	↑ atherosclerosis	[13•]
		≠ blood pressure

≠ no significant effect, ↓ reduced, ↑ increased, NEFA: non-esterified fatty acids