Table 1.

Model averaged parameter estimates, standard error (SE), and 85% confidence limits for normalized variables within each occupancy event. Superscripts represent stage-specific human disturbance estimates, PB: pre-breeding, N: Nesting, BR: brood-rearing

	β	SE	Lower CI	Higher CI
ψ	−0.632	0.199	−0.918	−0.346
HumansPB	−0.509	0.286	−0.921	−0.097
Veg	−1.043	0.374	−1.582	−0.504
D_ht	0.622	0.195	0.342	0.903
D_slp	−0.186	0.113	−0.349	−0.023
D_len	−0.295	0.172	−0.542	−0.048
γ1	−0.310	0.277	−0.709	0.090
HumansN	−1.145	0.684	−2.130	−0.160
Veg	−1.216	0.417	−1.817	−0.615
Debris	0.528	0.242	0.179	0.876
Elevation	−0.667	0.285	−1.078	−0.256
D_slp	0.413	0.208	0.114	0.712
ε1	0.439	0.770	−0.670	1.547
HumansN	5.210	3.343	0.395	10.024
Bay	−1.141	0.809	−2.306	0.023
γ2	−1.265	0.661	−2.217	−0.313
HumansBR	−6.097	2.765	−10.079	−2.116
Veg	−1.060	0.470	−1.736	−0.383
ε2	0.067	0.741	−1.000	1.135
HumansBR	7.067	3.229	2.418	11.716
Bay	−0.897	0.621	−1.791	−0.003

Humans: number of tracks m⁻¹h⁻¹, Veg: interdune vegetation present, D_ht: Dune height, D_slp: Dune slope, D_len: Dune length, Debris: debris on beach m⁻¹, Elevation: elevation at dune toe, Bay: access to bayside of barrier island, lakes, or permanent pools.