Table 1.

Main strategies of ‘barbarian” and “civilized” organisms

Barbarians	Civilized		References
r-selected: numerous offspring, early reproduction, high mortality rate	K-selected: reduced offspring, late reproduction, weak mortality rate		Pianka 1970; Fierer et al. 2007;
Generalists: able to reproduce in a wide array of environments	Specialists: able to reproduce in a restricted array of environments		Levins 1968; Egas et al. 2004
Pioneers: colonizing new environments	Climax species: associated to terminal stages of an ecological succession		Odum 1969; Wehenkel et al. 2006;
Colonizers: short generation time, abundant offspring, high metabolic activity, resistant to pollution	Persisters: long generation time, reduced offspring, low metabolic activity, sensitive to pollution		Ettema and Bongers 1993; Li et al. 2005;
Search strategy by random movements: using coordinated, but never targetted movements	Search strategy by directional movements: using coordinated and targetted		Cain 1985; Armsworth and Roughgarden 2005;
Migrants: without any defined territory	Residents: living in a defined territory (maybe changing seasonally or annually: case of migratory birds and butterflies)		Austin 1970; Holt et al. 2011;
Juveniles and neotenic adults	Adults		Stearns 1976; Johansson et al. 2010;
Natural-selected: small-sized organisms, without sexual dimorphism, with high phenotypic plasticity	Sexual-selected: big-sized organisms, with sexual dimorphism, with poor phenotypic plasticity		McLain 1993; Prinzing et al. 2002a
Density-independence	Density-dependence		Nicholson 1933; Bårdsen and Tveraa 2012;
RuderaIs: fast-growing species inhabiting high-fertility, high-disturbance sites	Competitors: fast-growing species inhabiting high-fertility, low-disturbance sites	Stress-tolerators: slow-growing specie inhabiting low-fertility, low-disturbance sites	Grime 1977; Wilson and Lee 2000