Table 3.
General Characteristics: A comparison of a selection of the general characteristics of CDS infrastructure at the six sites.
| KPNW | MVIPA | Partners | Regenstrief | RWJMS | VHA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CDS Development Process | ||||||
| System developed or purchased | Purchased (Epic Systems Corporation) | Purchased (NextGen) | Mainly developed; some sites purchase | Developed | Purchased (GE Healthcare) | Developed |
| Based on guidelines | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Applicability | ||||||
| Input source (clinical or billing) | Clinical | Clinical | Clinical | Clinical | Clinical | Clinical and Billing (ICD-9) |
| Inpatients, outpatients, or both | Both | Outpatients | Both; different systems for each | Both; certain rules for each | Outpatients | Both |
| Message recipients | All care providers; patients have access to some reminders via a patient portal | All care providers | All care providers; all patients via patient portal | All care providers who use the order entry system | Certain care providers | All care providers; there is also a patient portal with reminders |
| CDS Usability | ||||||
| CDS is automatic | Both solicited and unsolicited CDS | Yes | Yes | Yes | Optional | Yes |
| Message is actionable | Yes; can order tests, referrals, patient instructions, and perform other functions | Usually | Only at a few sites | Yes; can order on the page | Some | Yes; can order test directly from the clinical reminder dialog box (preferred method of ordering) |
| Default is to follow rule | No Default | Yes | No | Yes | No | No Default |
| CDS integrated with EHR or order entry | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| CDS used at time and location of decision-making | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |