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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Apr 22.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2011 Sep 3;21(5):664–670. doi: 10.1016/j.gde.2011.08.005

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Mechanical properties are described by deformation in response to forces applied over a surface (stress (σ)). The descriptive moduli of compression, tension and shear are determined from the strains (ε) observed in response to applied stress. The poisson ratio and bulk modulus indicate the compressibility of materials under stress.