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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Mar 6.
Published in final edited form as: Neuron. 2013 Mar 6;77(5):942–954. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.12.034

Figure 4. Kappa opioid receptor activation is not required for long-term potentiation at excitatory synapses on DA neurons in the VTA.

Figure 4

(A) AMPAR- (red) and NMDAR-mediated (black) EPSCs recorded from a dopamine neuron from a naïve animal (naïve). (B) AMPAR- and NMDAR-mediated EPSCs 24 hours after stress. (C) AMPA/NMDA ratios recorded in dopamine neurons from naïve animals and animals 24 hours after stress. Asterisk, p < 0.05, t-test. (D) AMPAR and NMDAR EPSCs from an animal injected with saline or (E) nor-BNI prior to forced swim stress. (F) Summary of AMPA/NMDA ratios recorded in dopamine neurons from saline and nor-BNI pretreated animals 24 hours after swim stress. Scale bars: 50 pA, 20 ms.