. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Apr 22.

Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Cancer. 2011 Oct 13;11(11):761–774. doi: 10.1038/nrc3106

Table 2.

Mouse models of oncogenic RAS activation

Experimental approach	Targeted tissues and cell types	Tumorigenic phenotype
Conditional endogenous expression of Lox-STOP-Lox- Kras^G12D or Lox-STOP-Lox- Nras^G12D cassette	Lung (intranasal administration of adenoviral Cre), pancreas (Pdx1-Cre or Ptf1a-Cre), colon (Fabp1-Cre) and the haematopoietic system (Mx1-Cre)	Lung adenocarcinoma, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, colonic hyperplasia (Kras^G12D), resistance to apoptosis (Nras^G12D) and aggressive myeloproliferative disorder (Kras^G12D)^{26, 27, 222–224}
Endogenous expression of Lox-STOP-Lox-Kras^G12V – IRES-β-galactosidase cassette	Whole-body (CMV-Cre)	Lung hyperplasia, adenocarcinoma and minor sarcoma lesions²²
Transgenic expression of Kras^G12V	Gastric and pancreatic epithelium (Krt19 promoter-driven Kras^G12V)	Gastric cell hyperplasia²²⁵
Transgenic expression of Hras^Q61L	Urothelium (Upk2 promoter-driven rabbit Hras^Q61L)	Bladder tumorigenesis²²⁶
Inducible transgenic expression of Kras^G12D	Basal layer of stratified epithelium (Krt5 promoter-driven tetracycline-responsive Kras^G12D)	Neoplastic squamous epithelium: skin, forestomach and oesophagus²²⁷
Inducible transgenic expression of Hras^G12V	Melanocytes (tyrosinase-driven tetracycline-responsive Hras^G12V)	Melanoma⁷⁸
Spontaneous chemical carcinogenesis	Skin (DMBA-TPA-induced mutagenesis of Hras) and lung (urethane-induced mutagenesis of Kras)	Skin papillomas and lung tumours ^{25, 228}
Somatic oncogene transfer by RCAS-TVA gene delivery method	Brain (nestin-TVA-targeted expression of Kras^G12D and Akt-myr) and pancreas (Lox-STOP-Lox-R26tva–LacZ/+-targeted expression of Kras^G12D)	Glioblastoma and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia^{229, 230}
Spontaneous recombination that results in expression of activated Kras^G12D	Whole-body	Lung hyperplasia and carcinoma, thymic lymphoma and skin papilloma²³¹

CMV, cytomegalovirus promoter; Fabp1, fatty acid binding protein 1, liver; IRES, internal ribosome entry site; Krt, keratin; Mx1, myxovirus resistance 1; myr, myristoylated; Pdx1, pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1; Ptfa1, pancreas transcription factor 1, a-subunit; R26, ROSA 26; TPA, 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate; Upk2, uroplakin 2.