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Regulation of malignant phenotypes of cancer by GLI1 and tGLI1. Expression of all three GLI1 variants results in increased expression of PTCH1, an established GLI1 target gene. Expression of GLI1 leads to increased cell proliferation rates and other cellular processes. Expression of tGLI1 activates additional genes, namely VEGF-A, CD24, MMP-2, and MMP-9, leading to its ability to promote cancer cell growth, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis.
