Table 2.

Key clinical publications on schistosomiasis and malaria coinfection.

Organisms	Country	Findings	Ref.
Schistosoma haematobium	Malawi	S. haematobium associated with lower malaria parasite densities	[74]
S. haematobium	Gabon	S. hematobium was not found to be associated with malaria infection	[59]
S. haematobium	Kenya	Schistosomiasis was not associated with malaria susceptiblity	[76]
Schistosoma mansoni	Uganda	No association between S. mansoni and malaria infection found	[71]
S. mansoni, S. haematobium	Zimbabwe	S. mansoni infection associated with Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection	[70]
S. haematobium	Mali	Levels of Tregs were lower in malaria–S. haematobium coinfected children versus children with malaria alone. Increased Tregs were associated with decreased serum Th1 cytokine levels and elevated parasitemia	[86]
S. haematobium	Mali	IL-6 and IL-10 elevations in acute malaria were blunted in schistosomiasis-infected children from 4 to 8 years old	[85]
S. haematobium	Senegal	Subjects with low-density S. haematobium had lower P. falciparum parasitemia	[83]
S. haematobium	Mali	Prospective study demonstrating delay in time to clinical malaria infection, decreased number of malaria episodes and decreased Plasmodium parasitemia among schistosomiasis-infected children	[86]
S. mansoni	Senegal	S. mansoni-infected individuals had increased incidence of clinical malaria. Effect most apparent in those with high schistosomiasis organism burden. Nonsignificant observation that malaria attack rates were lower in ‘medium-grade’ S. mansoni infections	[80]