Table 2.

Newly identified FDA-approved drugs and other safe compounds with antigiardial activity^a

Drug type	Compound	Yr of FDA approval	Indication(s)/activity(ies) (reference)
Antineoplastic	Cladribine	1993	Hairy cell leukemia
agents	Idarubicin	1990	Acute myeloid leukemia
	Imatinib	2003	Chronic myeloid leukemia, gastrointestinal stromal cell tumors
	Mitoxantrone	1987	Acute myeloid leukemia, prostate cancer, multiple sclerosis
	Vinorelbine	1994	Lung cancer
Adrenergic antagonists	Carvedilol	1995	Chronic heart failure, hypertension
	Doxazosin	1990	Hypertension, benign prostate hyperplasia
	Prazosin	1976	Hypertension
	Thioridazineb	1962	Psychosis
Antimicrobials	Chlorhexidine		Topical antiseptic (38)
	Clioquinol		Antiprotozoal, antifungal (39)
	Gramicidin		Topical antibiotic (40)
	Pyrithione zinc		Seborrhoeic dermatitis (41)
	Rifabutin	1992	Mycobacterium infection
	Tannic acid		Food additive (42)
	Vidarabineb	1976	Ocular herpesvirus infection
Other	Auranofin	1985	Rheumatoid arthritis
	Cisapride	1997	Gastroesophageal reflux disease
	Clomiphene	1967	Ovulatory dysfunction
	Loperamide	1976	Diarrhea
	Roflumilast	2011	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

^aCompounds without an FDA approval date are not FDA-approved drugs or were withdrawn from their original indications but are used in clinical practice in combination therapies or other applications (as discussed in the listed references).

^bDiscontinued.