Table 2.
Risk of Barrett's esophagus and daily intake of fruit, vegetable, fiber, and isoflavones (151 cases and 777 controls)
| Food groupa (cup/1000 Kcal) | Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | P valued |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total fruit (including juice) | ||||
| Median (Range) | 0.16 (<0.26) | 0.36 (0.26-0.49) | 0.67(0.49-2.25) | |
| Case/control | 63/259 | 43/259 | 45/259 | |
| ORb (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.64 (0.41-0.99) | 0.68 (0.44-1.05) | 0.07 |
| ORc (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.66 (0.40-1.10) | 0.81 (0.47-1.38) | 0.35 |
| Total vegetables | ||||
| Median (Range) | 0.77 (<1) | 1.28 (1-1.58) | 2.12 (1.58-8.04) | |
| Case/control | 53/259 | 59/259 | 39/259 | |
| ORb (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.12 (0.73-1.71) | 0.74 (0.47-1.18) | 0.22 |
| ORc (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.56-1.56) | 0.61 (0.35-1.06) | 0.08 |
| Dark green vegetables | ||||
| Median (Range) | 0.04 (<0.08) | 0.12 (0.08-0.18) | 0.28 (0.18-1.85) | |
| Case/control | 64/259 | 52/259 | 35/259 | |
| ORb (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.80 (0.53-1.22) | 0.51 (0.32-0.81) | 0.005 |
| ORc (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.84 (0.50-1.39) | 0.46 (0.26-0.81) | 0.008 |
| Orange vegetables | ||||
| Median (Range) | 0.02 (<0.03) | 0.04 (0.03-0.06) | 0.09 (0.06-0.58) | |
| Case/control | 53/259 | 54/259 | 44/259 | |
| ORb (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.16 (0.73-1.84) | 0.76 (0.46-1.27) | 0.31 |
| ORc (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.61-1.69) | 0.76 (0.43-1.32) | 0.34 |
| White potatoes | ||||
| Median (Range) | 0.06 (<0.08) | 0.10 (0.08-0.14) | 0.20 (0.14-0.82) | |
| Case/control | 42/259 | 55/259 | 54/259 | |
| ORb (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.24 (0.76-2.02) | 1.30 (0.80-2.14) | 0.30 |
| ORc (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.09 (0.63-1.86) | 1.08 (0.62-1.88) | 0.78 |
| Legumes | ||||
| Median (Range) | 0.02 (<0.03) | 0.04 (0.03-0.07) | 0.12 (0.07-1.82) | |
| Case/control | 57/259 | 61/259 | 42/259 | |
| ORb (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.06 (0.70-1.62) | 0.75 (0.48-1.19) | 0.24 |
| ORc (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.54-1.48) | 0.52 (0.30-0.90) | 0.02 |
| Other starchy vegetables | ||||
| Median (Range) | 0.31 (< 0.40) | 0.53 (0.41-0.68) | 0.93 (0.68-3.87) | |
| Case/control | 51/259 | 57/259 | 43/259 | |
| ORb (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.09 (0.71-1.67) | 0.84 (0.53-1.32) | 0.46 |
| ORc (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.54-1.52) | 0.77 (0.45-1.33) | 0.36 |
| Other vegetables | ||||
| Median (Range) | 0.21 (< 0.28) | 0.34 (0.28-0.42) | 0.58 (0.42-2.50) | |
| Case/control | 57/259 | 61/259 | 42/259 | |
| ORb (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.63-1.49) | 0.85 (0.54-1.32) | 0.48 |
| ORc (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.52-1.49) | 0.68 (0.39-1.17) | 0.16 |
| Total fiber (gram) | ||||
| Median (Range) | 5.84 (< 6.8) | 7.76 (6.83-8.96) | 11.0 (8.9-32.1) | |
| case/control | 59/259 | 60/259 | 41/259 | |
| ORb (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.69-1.53) | 0.64 (0.41-1.01) | 0.06 |
| ORc (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.12 (0.67-1.85) | 0.50 (0.28-0.90) | 0.03 |
| Isoflavones (mg) | ||||
| Median (Range) | 0.36 (< 0.49) | 0.60 (0.49-0.75) | 1.01(≥ 0.75) | |
| case/control | 71/259 | 46/259 | 43/259 | |
| ORb (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.22 (0.80-1.84) | 0.63 (0.39-1.01) | 0.07 |
| ORc (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.12 (0.68-1.86) | 0.45 (0.25-0.81) | 0.008 |
Please refer to reference 10 for food composition. For example, dark green vegetables include broccoli, kale, mustard greens, collard greens, romaine lettuce, spinach, turnip greens, mustard cabbage, watercress, arugula, balsam-pear tips, beet greens, bitter melon leaves, , chard, chicory, cilantro, cress, dandelion greens, endive, escarole, grape leaves, lambsquarters, parsley, poke greens, pumpkin leaves, sweet potato leaves, and taro leaves.
OR was adjusted for age and energy intake.
OR was adjusted for age, energy intake, sex, ethnicity, smoking status, alcohol consumption, waist to hip ratio (tertile), recent use of aspirin, ever or never use of proton pump inhibitor, frequency of GER symptoms, and physical activity (low, moderate, and high according to metabolic equivalent of task).
P value for trend across tertiles.