Table 1. Study cohort characteristics and 9-year-old child adiponectin and leptin levels (N = 146).
| 9 Year Child | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adiponectin (μg/ml) | Leptin (ng/ml) | ||||
|
|
|||||
| N (%) | Mean (95% CI) | P | Mean1 (95% CI) | P | |
|
|
|||||
| Child Sex | |||||
| Boy | 72(49) | 42.9(38.2,47.6) | 6.4 (4.9, 8.2) | ||
| Girl | 74 (51) | 45.4 (41.3,49.4) | 0.43 | 9.1(6.8,12.1) | 0.07 |
| Child Gestational Age at Birth | |||||
| 34-37 Weeks | 8(5) | 37.3(26.1, 48.5) | 9.0(4.2,19.1) | ||
| ≥37 Weeks | 138(95) | 44.6 (41.4,47.8) | 0.29 | 7.5 (6.2, 9.2) | 0.69 |
| Child Birth Size | |||||
| Small for gestational age (< 10th %ile) | 9(6) | 35.1(18.0, 52.3) | 6.3(1.9, 21.1) | ||
| Appropriate for gestational age | 119 (82) | 45.S (42.5,49.1) | 7.6 (6.2, 9.4) | ||
| Large for gestational age (>90th %ile) | 18(18) | 37.S (28.7, 46.9) | 0.08 | 8.4 (4.5,15.6) | 0.84 |
| Child BMI at 9 Years 2 | |||||
| Normal (≤ 85th %ile) | 67 (46) | 49.2 (45.6, 52.7) | 3.3(2.7,3.9) | ||
| Overweight (> 85th, < 95 %ile) | 19(13) | 52.1 (42.0, 62.3) | 7.8 (5.3,11.4) | ||
| Obese (≥ 95 %ile) | 60 (41) | 36.1(31.0,41.1) | <0.001 | 19.4(15.3,24.6) | <0.001 |
| Maternal Age at Pregnancy | |||||
| 18-23 Years Old | 46(32) | 44.S (38.8, 50.7) | 8.7(6.2,12.2) | ||
| 24-29 Years Old | 63 (43) | 46.5 (42.0, 51.0) | 6.9 (5.2, 9.2) | ||
| 30-41 Years Old | 37(25) | 39.4(33.4,45.5) | 0.19 | 7.6 (4.9,11.8) | 0.59 |
| Maternal Yrs in US at Pregnancy | |||||
| <1 | 31(21) | 44.9(38.0,51.7) | 7.5 (4.8,11.5) | ||
| 1-10 | 81 (56) | 46.1 (42.0, 50.2) | 7.2(5.6, 9.3) | ||
| >10 | 34 (23) | 38.9(32.2,45.7) | 0.17 | 8.8(5.5,13.9) | 0.72 |
| Maternal Education at Pregnancy | |||||
| ≤6th Grade | 68 (47) | 45.3(40.6,49.9) | 7.5 (5.6, 9.9) | ||
| 7-12 Grade | 50(34) | 43.3(38.1, 48.5) | 7.4 (5.2,10.6) | ||
| ≥ High School | 28(19) | 43.0(35.5, 50.4) | 0.8 | 8.4(5.6,12.5) | 0.89 |
|
Maternal Sugar Sweetened Beverage Use in Pregnancy |
|||||
| 0-8 Drinks/Week | 44(31) | 44.S (38.5, 51.0) | 8.3(5.8,12.0) | ||
| 9-16 Drinks/Week | 51(35) | 44.5(39.9,49.2) | 6.8 (4.7, 9.7) | ||
| 17+ Drinks/Week | 49 (34) | 43.6(37.9,49.4) | 0.96 | 8.0(5.9,10.8) | 0.66 |
| Household Food Security 3 | |||||
| Food Secure | 92(63) | 43.1(39.5, 46.7) | 6.6(5.2, 8.5) | ||
| Low Food Security | 41(28) | 46.4(39.3,53.6) | 9.0(6.3,12.9) | ||
| Very Low Food Security | 13(9) | 44.5(34.8, 54.1) | 0.64 | 11.7(6.7,20.4) | 0.15 |
1
Geometric mean.
2
Child’s weight status was determined using age and sex adjusted body mass index cut offs for 85th and 95th percentiles from CDC child growth charts.
3
At 9 year visit.