Table 5. Adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for the detection of genital and anal HPV DNA and HPV antibodies using multilevel analyses (generalized estimating equations [GEE)]) in men who have sex with men (MSM).
| Genital HPV DNA* | Anal HPV DNA | HPV antibodies | |||||
| AOR | (95% CI) | AOR | (95% CI) | AOR | (95% CI) | ||
| Ethnicity | |||||||
| Dutch | NS | Reference | |||||
| Non-Dutch | 2.65 | (1.29–5.46) | |||||
| Years sexual active | |||||||
| 0–2 years | Reference | NS | |||||
| 3–4 years | 6.23 | (1.51–25.65) | |||||
| ≥5 years | 7.74 | (1.88–31.92) | |||||
| Number of sex partners, lifetime | |||||||
| 1–4 partners | NS | Reference | |||||
| 5–9 partners | 0.95 | (0.24–3.78) | |||||
| ≥10 partners | 2.96 | (1.02–8.57) | |||||
| Condom use casual partner, past 6 months | |||||||
| Inconsistent condom use | NS | Reference | |||||
| Consistent condom use | 1.10 | (0.39–3.10) | |||||
| No casual partner | 5.38 | (1.45–20.02) | |||||
| Passive anal intercourse, past 6 months | |||||||
| No | NS | Reference | |||||
| Yes | 2.67 | (1.25–5.72) | |||||
| HPV genotype | |||||||
| HPV16 | Reference | Reference | |||||
| HPV18 | 1.00 | (0.45–2.20) | 0.65 | (0.38–1.12) | |||
| HPV31 | 0.68 | (0.28–1.64) | 0.39 | (0.20–0.76) | |||
| HPV33 | 0.19 | (0.06–0.65) | 0.81 | (0.46–1.43) | |||
| HPV45 | 0.19 | (0.05–0.71) | 0.75 | (0.44–1.29) | |||
| HPV52 | 0.53 | (0.20–1.40) | 0.38 | (0.20–0.72) | |||
| HPV58 | 0.13 | (0.03–0.58) | 0.34 | (0.17–0.69) | |||
| Odds of having one HPV genotype when having another HPV genotype within an individual (Alpha) | |||||||
| 1.79 | (0.94–3.43) | 8.12 | (4.43–14.91) | ||||
The following variables were included into the crude GEE model: age, ethnicity, years sexually active, number of lifetime sex partners, number of sex partners in the last six months, condom use in the last six months with a steady partner, condom use in the last six months with a casual partner, a chlamydia or gonorrhea in the past, a current urogenital chlamydia infection, a current anal chlamydia or gonorrhea infection, passive anal intercourse in the past six months, and the seven different HPV genotypes.
*
The model for genital HPV DNA could not be run for MSM due to small numbers.
AOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; NI = not included in the multivariable model; NS = not significant in multivariable model.