Table 5. Adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for the detection of genital and anal HPV DNA and HPV antibodies using multilevel analyses (generalized estimating equations [GEE)]) in men who have sex with men (MSM).
Genital HPV DNA* | Anal HPV DNA | HPV antibodies | |||||
AOR | (95% CI) | AOR | (95% CI) | AOR | (95% CI) | ||
Ethnicity | |||||||
Dutch | NS | Reference | |||||
Non-Dutch | 2.65 | (1.29–5.46) | |||||
Years sexual active | |||||||
0–2 years | Reference | NS | |||||
3–4 years | 6.23 | (1.51–25.65) | |||||
≥5 years | 7.74 | (1.88–31.92) | |||||
Number of sex partners, lifetime | |||||||
1–4 partners | NS | Reference | |||||
5–9 partners | 0.95 | (0.24–3.78) | |||||
≥10 partners | 2.96 | (1.02–8.57) | |||||
Condom use casual partner, past 6 months | |||||||
Inconsistent condom use | NS | Reference | |||||
Consistent condom use | 1.10 | (0.39–3.10) | |||||
No casual partner | 5.38 | (1.45–20.02) | |||||
Passive anal intercourse, past 6 months | |||||||
No | NS | Reference | |||||
Yes | 2.67 | (1.25–5.72) | |||||
HPV genotype | |||||||
HPV16 | Reference | Reference | |||||
HPV18 | 1.00 | (0.45–2.20) | 0.65 | (0.38–1.12) | |||
HPV31 | 0.68 | (0.28–1.64) | 0.39 | (0.20–0.76) | |||
HPV33 | 0.19 | (0.06–0.65) | 0.81 | (0.46–1.43) | |||
HPV45 | 0.19 | (0.05–0.71) | 0.75 | (0.44–1.29) | |||
HPV52 | 0.53 | (0.20–1.40) | 0.38 | (0.20–0.72) | |||
HPV58 | 0.13 | (0.03–0.58) | 0.34 | (0.17–0.69) | |||
Odds of having one HPV genotype when having another HPV genotype within an individual (Alpha) | |||||||
1.79 | (0.94–3.43) | 8.12 | (4.43–14.91) |
The following variables were included into the crude GEE model: age, ethnicity, years sexually active, number of lifetime sex partners, number of sex partners in the last six months, condom use in the last six months with a steady partner, condom use in the last six months with a casual partner, a chlamydia or gonorrhea in the past, a current urogenital chlamydia infection, a current anal chlamydia or gonorrhea infection, passive anal intercourse in the past six months, and the seven different HPV genotypes.
The model for genital HPV DNA could not be run for MSM due to small numbers.
AOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; NI = not included in the multivariable model; NS = not significant in multivariable model.