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. 2013 Mar 1;14(3):5036–5129. doi: 10.3390/ijms14035036

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© 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

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Phospholipase metabolites with biological activity at various levels of mineralization process. (A) Production of eicosanoids by phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂); (B) phospholipase D (PLD)-catalyzed hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) to phosphatidic acid (PA) and Choline; (C) phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC)-catalyzed hydrolysis of PIP₂ generating membrane-associated second messengers (inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG)). PC-PLC hydrolyzes PC to DAG and phosphocholine (PChol). PE-PC hydrolyzes phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to DAG and phosphoethanolamine (PEA); (D) sphingomyelinase (SMase)-catalyzed hydrolysis of sphingomyelin (SM) to ceramide and PChol.