Table 5.

Beneficial or pathological effects of AA pathways on bone formation.

Enzymes or products or animal models	Expression level or concentration	Physiological effects	Pathological effects	References
COX-2	Increase in synovial fluid		RA	[38]
mPGES-1	Increase in synovial fluid		RA	[38]
Mice deficient in COX2	Null-COX	CIA reduction		[215]
Mice deficient in mPGES-1	Null-PGES-1	CIA reduction		[217]
PGE2	High level in synovial fluid		RA	[239,240]
Prostaglandin		Stimulate bone formation		[233]
Prostaglandin			Activate bone resorption in osteoporosis, RA, OA or in periodontis	[238]
PGD2		Stimulate osteoblast calcification		[249]
PGF2α		Promote osteogenic differentiation		[251]
15-Deoxy-Δ12,14- prostaglandin J2	Prostaglandin D2 metabolite	Activates PPARγ and TNAP expression		[249]
n-3 PUFA or conjugated linoleic acid	Exogenous addition	Beneficial effects due to modulation of COX-2		[59]