Table 1.

Independent Variables: Scales, Authors, Response Ranges, Time Wave, Number of Items, Cronbach's Alpha, and Sample Item

Variable	Mother (T2)	Mother (T7)	Offspring (T2)	Offspring (T7)	Sample Item
Maternal and Offspring Maladaptive	α=0.83	α=0.91	α=0.77	α=0.79
Personal Attributes
Depressed Mooda (Derogatis, Lipman, Rickels, Uhlenhuth, & Covi, 1974)	X 8 items	X 6 items	X 4 items	X 5 items	“Within the past few years, how much were you bothered by feeling hopeless about the future?”
Ego Controlb (Brook et al., 1990)	X 6 items	X 7 items	X 7 items	X 7 items	“I rely on careful reasoning in making up my mind.”
Impulsivityb (Gough, 1957)			X 6 items	X 6 items	“I often act on the spur of the moment without stopping to think.”
Self-esteemb (Brook et al., 1990)	X 5 items	X 3 items			“I see myself as a very respected and successful person.”
Maternal Smokingc (Adapted from Johnston et al., 2006)	X Single item	X Single item			“How many cigarettes did you smoke in the past two months?” (T2) “…in the past year?” (T7)
Mother-Adolescent Child Weak Mutual Attachment Relationship:	α=0.89 (Maternal and offspring reports - T2)
Child's Resistance to Maternal Controld (Schaefer & Finkelstein, 1975)	X 5 items				“How often does your child do the opposite of what you tell him/her?”
Mother-Adolescent Child Weak Mutual Attachment Relationship (continued):
Maternal Identification
Maternal Admiratione (Brook et al., 1990)			X 5 items		“How much do you admire your mother in her role as mother?”
Maternal Emulatione (Brook et al., 1990)			X 5 items		“How much do you want to be like your other in your role as a parent?”
Maternal Similaritye (Brook et al., 1990)			X 4 items		“How similar do you think you actually are to your mother in terms of personality?
			14 items total
Maternal Affectionf (Schaefer, 1965)			X 4 items		“She frequently shows her love for me.”
Offspring Educational Attainmentg (Brook et al., 1990)				X Single item	“What was the last year of school you completed?”

Notes:

X = Scale included in analysis.

Response ranges:

^a(1) not at all - (5) extremely;

^b(1) false - (4) true;

^c(0) none, (1) used to smoke but stopped, (2) less than ½ a pack a day, (3) ½ a pack to 1 pack a day, (4) more than 1 pack a day. Asked at T7 only: (5) about 1.5 packs a day, (6) more than 1.5 packs a day;

^d(1) not at all like my child - (4) very much like my child;

^e(1) not at all - (5) in every way;

^f(1) not at all like my mother - (2) very much like my mother;

^g(1) ≤ 8^th grade to 11) Graduate student.