. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jul 1.

Published in final edited form as: Addict Behav. 2013 Mar 21;38(7):2361–2368. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.03.008

Table 3.

Standardized Total Effects (z-statistic) of Independent Variables (N=404).

Independent Constructs	Offspring Cigarette Smoking at T7 (Late 30s)

	Standardized Total Effects (z-statistic)
Offspring Maladaptive Personal Attributes (Late 30s)	0.21 (3.81)^***
Offspring Educational Level (Late 30s)	−0.22 (−4.43)^***
Maternal Maladaptive Personal Attributes (Mid-60s)	0.04 (2.32)^*
Maternal Cigarette Smoking (Mid-60s)	0.08 (1.68)^*
Offspring Maladaptive Personal Attributes in Adolescence	0.10 (3.33)^***
Maternal Cigarette Smoking (Early 40s)	0.04 (1.62)
Mother-Adolescent Child Weak Attachment Relationship	0.06 (2.98)^**
Maternal Maladaptive Personal Attributes (Early 40s)	0.06 (3.28)^***

Notes:

p<.05;

^**

p<.01;

^***

p<.001 (one-tailed test);

The offspring's age, gender, smoking in adolescence, and the mother's age and educational level were statistically controlled.