Fluorescent conjugated anti-human CD27 and CD45RO were used for flow cytometry analysis to further differentiate CD8+ T cells into naïve (CD27+ CD45RO-), central memory (CM, CD27+ CD45RO+), effector memory (EM, CD27− CD45RO+) and terminal (Ter, CD27− CD45RO-) populations (Suppl. Fig. 1). Panels A, B and C represent percentages of naïve, CM, EM and terminal CD4+ T cells in HD, untreated, and GA-treated MS patients, respectively. GA induced significant decrease in naïve (Panel C) and increase in EM (Panel C) CD8+ T cells in the blood as early as 12h after therapy initiation. No such changes in CD8+ T cell subpopulations were seen in HD (Panel A) or untreated MS patients (Panel B). Significant p values are indicated.