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VEGF-A and atherosclerosis. Hypoxia and inflammation in the atherosclerotic plaque trigger VEGF-A expression in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and macrophages. VEGF-A, in turn, acts on vasa vasorum to promote angiogenesis, which may be associated with hemorrhage, and promotes migration of VSMC from the tunica media of the vessel wall into the plaque
