Table 1.

Clinical and imaging parameters

Parameter	Available cases		Spontaneous VDE			P value
			Mean ± SD	Median	Range
Sex	407					.565
Male		227	5.2 ± 5.1	3.8	0.2–42.4
Female		180	6.4 ± 7.5	4.2	0.2–35.8
Age	407					.069
<40		257	5.8 ± 6.2	4.2	0.2–42.4
≥40		150	5.3 ± 6.1	3.2	0.3–37.2
Increased intracranial pressure	407					.576
Yes		33	6.5 ± 6.7	4.4	0.4–28.7
No		374	5.7 ± 6.3	3.9	0.2–42.4
Neurological deficit	407					.825
Yes		101	5.7 ± 5.9	3.8	0.2–33.8
No		306	5.8 ± 6.5	3.9	0.2–42.4
Seizures	407					.245
Yes		375	5.8 ± 6.4	3.9	0.2–42.4
No		32	5.1 ± 5.9	3.3	0.2–28.7
Karnofsky Performance Status	403					.798
>70%		396	5.8 ± 6.3	3.3	1.0–22.0
≤70%		7	6.5 ± 7.2	3.9	0.2–42.4
Cerebral lobes involved	406					.282
<2		211	5.7 ± 6.6	3.6	0.2–42.4
≥2		195	5.7 ± 5.7	4.2	0.2–35.8
Corpus callosum involvement	406					.001
No		351	5.3 ± 5.7	3.7	0.2–42.4
Yes		55	8.2 ± 8.2	5.6	0.2–37.2
Tumor location	406					.06
Frontal		181	6.0 ± 6.8	4.2	0.2–42.4
Temporal		81	5.4 ± 5.5	3.8	0.2–28.0
Insular		76	5.6 ± 4.4	4.4	0.4–25.2
Parietal		43	6.4 ± 8.1	3.5	0.2–35.9
Other		25	3.3 ± 3.4	2.3	0.7–16.3
Contrast Enhancement	402					.003
No		334	5.3 ± 5.8	3.7	0.2–37.1
Faint and patchy		54	7.1 ± 7.5	4.5	0.2–42.4
Nodular-like		14	11.2 ± 10.4	7.3	0.3–34.4
Tumor volume	405					.003
<100cc		284	5.5 ± 6.4	3.6	0.2–37.2
≥100cc		121	6.4 ± 6.2	4.8	0.8–42.4
Chang score	400					.117
Low-risk patients		204	5.1 ± 5.3	3.8	0.2–34.4
High-risk patients		196	6.3 ± 6.8	4.0	0.2–42.4
Chang number of risk factors	400					.193
None		50	4.4 ± 4.4	3.8	0.2–19.8
One		161	5.3 ± 5.5	3.7	0.2–34.4
Two or more		189	6.2 ± 6.9	4.0	0.2–42.4