Table 2.

Bivariate and Multivariate Models of the Risk of Malaria Parasitemia (any Species) Among All WOCBA, Pregnant, and Nonpregnant Women

	No. of women	Parasitemic, % (95% CI)	PR (95% CI)	PR P value	aPRa (95% CI)	aPR P valuea
All WOCBA (n = 4570)
Age
15–24	1932	34.1 (31.1–37.1)	REF	.0357	REF	.008
25–34	1407	28.4 (24.9–31.8)	0.83 (0.72–0.97)		0.82 (0.70–0.95)
35–49	1231	29.7 (25.9–33.6)	0.87 (0.75–1.02)		0.83 (0.71–0.97)
HIV
Negative	449	31.4 (29.4–33.4)	REF	.0889	REF	.1683
Positive	179	15.9 (3.4–28.3)	0.51 (0.23–1.11)		0.58 (0.27–1.26)
Residence
Urban	2195	24.9 (22.4–27.3)	REF	<.0001	REF	.2484
Rural	2375	36.3 (33.4–39.3)	1.46 (1.29–1.66)		0.91 (0.76–1.07)
Wealth index
Highest	1090	13.9 (11.6–16.2)	REF	<.0001	REF	<.0001
High	946	30.4 (26.3–34.5)	2.18 (1.76–2.7)		2.23 (1.79–2.77)
Moderate	870	35.1 (30.1–40.1)	2.52 (2.02–3.14)		2.70 (2.11–3.45)
Low	812	41.0 (36.1–46.0)	2.94 (2.4–3.62)		3.23 (2.51–4.14)
Lowest	852	37.7 (32.8–42.6)	2.71 (2.19–3.34)		2.96 (2.27–3.86)
Currently pregnant
No	4050	30.4 (28.4–32.5)	REF	.0284	REF	.1886
Yes	520	37.2 (31.0–43.5)	1.22 (1.02–1.47)		1.13 (0.94–1.35)
Pregnant women (n = 520)
Age
15–24	237	42.6 (33.3–52.0)	REF	.2993	REF	.5814
25–34	207	32.8 (22.6–42.9)	0.77 (0.53–1.12)		0.81 (0.54–1.21)
35–49	76	32.1 (16.6–47.3)	0.75 (0.44–1.28)		0.87 (0.51–1.50)
HIV
Negative	514	37.4 (31.1–43.7)	REF	.1557	REF	.4072
Positive	6	8.3 (0–25.6)	0.22 (0.03–1.77)		0.43 (0.06–3.16)
Residence
Urban	207	30.1 (20.8–39.3)	REF	.821	REF	.7615
Rural	313	41.6 (33.3–50.0)	1.38 (0.96–2)		0.94 (0.63–1.41)
Wealth index
Highest	78	12.0 (4.0–20.1)	REF	.0002	REF	.0009
High	107	31.5 (18.4–44.5)	2.61 (1.19–5.73)		2.58 (1.16–5.75)
Moderate	116	52.5 (39.0–65.9)	4.36 (2.13–8.9)		4.24 (1.94–9.24)
Low	99	49.3 (34.1–64.5)	4.1 (1.96–8.53)		4.16 (1.87–9.24)
Lowest	120	30.7 (19.2–42.1)	2.55 (1.19–5.47)		2.47 (1.06–5.75)
Gravidity
Primigravidae	110	43.7 (30.4–57.0)	REF	.5501	REF	.5101
Secundigravidae	81	34.2 (18.9–49.5)	0.78 (0.46–1.34)		0.74 (0.44–1.24)
Multigravidae	329	36.3 (28.2–44.3)	0.83 (0.57–1.21)		0.93 (0.63–1.40)
Trimester
First	136	40.8 (28.1–53.4)	REF	.6259	REF	.6701
Second	223	37.8 (28.1–47.5)	0.93 (0.62–1.39)		0.92 (0.64–1.33)
Third	161	32.9 (22.5–43.3)	0.81 (0.52–1.25)		0.83 (0.55–1.25)
Bednet use
ITN	23	48.5 (14.4–82.7)	REF	.3614	Not included	…
Untreated	73	26.4 (12.3–40.5)	0.72 (0.40–1.28)
None	294	36.8 (28.6–45.1)	1.32 (0.63–2.75)
Nonpregnant WOCBA (n = 4050)
Age
15–24	1695	32.9 (29.7–36.1)	REF	.0917	REF	.0166
25–34	1200	27.6 (24.0–31.2)	0.84 (0.71–0.99)		0.82 (0.70–0.96)
35–49	1155	29.6 (25.6–33.6)	0.90 (0.76–1.06)		0.83 (0.71–0.98)
HIV
Negative	3977	30.7 (28.6–32.7)	REF	.1165	REF	.1768
Positive	73	16.2 (3.3–29.0)	0.53 (0.24–1.17)		0.59 (0.27–1.27)
Residence
Urban	1988	24.3 (21.8–26.9)	REF	<.0001	0.89 (0.74–1.07)	.2213
Rural	2062	35.6 (32.5–38.7)	1.46 (1.28–1.68)		0.89 (0.74–1.07)
Wealth index
Highest	1012	14.1 (11.7–16.5)	REF	<.0001	REF	<.0001
High	839	30.2 (25.9–34.5)	2.14 (1.72–2.68)		2.22 (1.78–2.79)
Moderate	754	32.6 (27.3–37.9)	2.31 (1.83–2.93)		2.55 (1.96–3.32)
Low	713	40.0 (34.8–45.2)	2.84 (2.29–3.52)		3.19 (2.44–4.16)
Lowest	732	38.8 (33.5–44.1)	2.76 (2.21–3.43)		3.11 (2.35–4.11)

Abbreviations: WOCBA, women of childbearing age; PR, prevalence ratio; aPR, adjusted prevalence ratio; REF, reference group; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus. The wealth index was a household score of goods owned and lodging characteristics that was subsequently partitioned into quintiles. All proportions, PR, and aPR were calculated using sampling weights.

^aResults of multivariate Poisson regression model, including all covariates for which aPR values are listed.