CD spectra (185–260 nm) were collected in quartz cells of 0.02 cm pathlength at 25°C with a scan speed of 10 nm/min, bandwidth of 1 nm, response of 2 s and data pitch of 0.2 nm. The buffer used was 50 mM Tris/H2SO4 (pH 7.5), 200 mM K2SO4 and 1 mM DTT, and protein concentrations were: TorA, 0.7 mg/ml; TorD, 1 mg/ml; TorA–TorDHis, 1 mg/ml; and TorAΔsp–TorDHis, 0.5 mg/ml.