Table 2. Bone surface modification frequencies.
Epiphyseal Fragments (EPI) | Mid-Shaft Fragments (MSH) | |||||||
Bed | TM % | CM % | PM % | N | TM % | CM % | PM % | N |
KS-1 | 18, 24, 18 | 3, 3, 3 | 0, 0, 0 | 34 | 8, 10, 8 | 2, 4, 4 | 9, 9, 10 | 96 |
KS-2 | 13, 17, 11 | 6, 8, 11 | 3, 8, 8 | 64 | 9, 16, 12 | 1, 3, 3 | 4, 5, 8 | 207 |
KS-3 | 9, 9, 0 | 0, 0, 0 | 0, 0, 0 | 11 | 5, 11, 2 | 2, 0, 0 | 5, 2, 14 | 44 |
Sum | 14, 18, 12 | 5, 6, 7 | 2, 5, 5 | 109 | 8, 14, 10 | 1, 3, 3 | 6, 6, 9 | 347 |
Modifications detailed by long bone portion [22]–[24], bed, and analyst. Epiphyseal fragments (EPI) bear at least some of the proximal or distal articular surface. Mid-shaft fragments (MSH) are diaphyseal specimens that lack cancellous bone on medullary surfaces. Bone modifications follow the literature [17 and references therein], and include tooth marks (TM: pits, scores, furrows), cut marks (CM), and percussion marks (PM: pits, striae). Bone modification frequencies are listed by analyst: Ferraro, Pobiner, and Oliver (in order from left to right). Samples are bovid and taxonomically-indeterminate long bone specimens (i.e., humerus, radius, metacarpal, femur, tibia, metatarsal, or ‘long bone shaft fragment’), ≥2 cm in length, from body sizes 1–3 (i.e., small and medium-sized) [21], with ‘very good’ to ‘excellent’ bone surface preservation (i.e., surface conditions 4–5 [17]) and without recent or geological fractures. Data for summed body sizes, including ‘size indet’.