Table 1.
Pre- and post-training characteristics of the young and older participants
| Young | Older | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-training (n = 13) | Pre-training (n = 10) | Post-training (n = 10) | Change (absolute (relative)) | Pre-training (n = 13) | Pre-training (n = 10) | Post-training (n = 10) | Change (absolute (relative)) | |
| Male to female ratio | 7:6 | 5:5 | 5:5 | − | 6:7 | 5:5 | 5:5 | – |
| Age (years) | 24 ± 5 | 23 ± 5 | 23 ± 5 | − | 64 ± 5 | 63 ± 5 | 63 ± 5 | – |
| Height (cm) | 175 ± 9 | 175 ± 9 | 175 ± 9 | − | 164 ± 8* | 165 ± 8* | 165 ± 8* | – |
| Body mass (kg) | 78.9 ± 13.1 | 80.1 ± 13.9 | 79.9 ± 14.3 | −0.1 ± 2.5 (−0 ± 4 %) | 68.1 ± 8.8* | 68.4 ± 9.4* | 67.6 ± 9.6* | −0.8 ± 2.4 (−1 ± 4 %) |
| BMI (kg m−2) | 25.7 ± 3.1 | 26.0 ± 3.0 | 26.0 ± 3.1 | −0.0 ± 0.9 (–0 ± 4 %) | 25.2 ± 2.9 | 25.1 ± 2.9 | 24.8 ± 3.0 | −0.3 ± 0.9 (−1 ± 4 %) |
| Muscle mass (kg) | 32.9 ± 6.8 | 33.8 ± 7.2 | 34.5 ± 8.1 | 0.7 ± 0.9** (2 ± 3 %) | 26.8 ± 4.4* | 27.2 ± 4.8* | 27.2 ± 4.6* | 0.1 ± 0.6** (2 ± 4 %) |
| Body fat (%) | 26 ± 9 | 25.4 ± 7.2 | 24.1 ± 7.1 | –1.2 ± 2.4** (–4 ± 10 %) | 29 ± 8 | 28.1 ± 8.4 | 27.0 ± 8.9 | −1.1 ± 2.5** (−5 ± 12 %) |
 (L min−1) |
2.62 ± 0.66 | 2.63 ± 0.71 | 2.85 ± 0.69 | 0.22 ± 0.22** (8 ± 8 %) | 1.62 ± 0.28* | 1.69 ± 0.23* | 1.76 ± 0.26* | 0.07 ± 0.14** (4 ± 7 %) |
 (mL kg−1 min−1) |
32.5 ± 6.5 | 31.9 ± 5.3 | 35.0 ± 4.8 | 3.0 ± 3.3** (9 ± 10 %) | 23.4 ± 4.7* | 24.4 ± 4.1* | 25.7 ± 4.1* | 1.4 ± 2.0** (5 ± 7 %) |
Values are means ± SD based on 10 or 13 young and 10 or 13 older participants
BMI body mass index, 
maximal oxygen consumption
*P < 0.05 (different from young); **P < 0.05 (different from pre-training)