Table 1. Baseline characteristics (mean ± SD) and follow-up results for nondiabetic, nonsmoking runners without a history of coronary heart disease by cardiorespiratory fitness.
| Cardiorespiratory Fitness (10-km footrace performance, m/s) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||
| <3.25 | 3.25–3.74 | 3.75–4.24 | 4.25–4.74 | ≥4.75 | |
| Total sample size | 2,711 | 7,924 | 10,396 | 6,227 | 2,463 |
| Ischemic heart disease death | 10 | 20 | 8 | 3 | 3 |
| Follow-up questionnaires | |||||
| Number | 2,154 | 6,370 | 8,436 | 5,015 | 1964 |
| Percentage | 79.5 | 80.4 | 81.1 | 80.5 | 79.7 |
| Nonfatal myocardial infarction | 32 | 45 | 39 | 8 | 1 |
| Angina pectoris | 19 | 32 | 22 | 8 | 0 |
| Revascularization procedure | 58 | 127 | 99 | 28 | 5 |
| Running (km/day)*§ | 3.7 ± 2.3 | 4.5 ± 2.3 | 5.6 ± 2.8 | 7.0 ± 3.4 | 9.0 ± 4.4 |
| Age (years)* | 51.0 ± 11.3 | 47.5 ± 9.7 | 44.0 ± 9.0 | 40.4 ± 8.7 | 34.7 ± 8.6 |
| Education (years)*† | 16.5 ± 2.5 | 16.4 ± 2.5 | 16.4 ± 2.5 | 16.4 ± 2.4 | 16.2 ± 2.4 |
| Meat intake (servings/week)*§ | 2.9 ± 2.6 | 2.9 ± 2.6 | 2.8 ± 2.6 | 2.6 ± 2.6 | 2.7 ± 2.9 |
| Fish intake (servings/week)*‡ | 1.7 ± 1.5 | 1.6 ± 1.5 | 1.5 ± 1.4 | 1.4 ± 1.4 | 1.3 ± 1.4 |
| Fruit intake (pieces/week)*§ | 10.6 ± 8.9 | 10.6 ± 8.7 | 11.0 ± 8.4 | 11.7 ± 9.5 | 11.5 ± 9.4 |
| Alcohol intake (ml/day)* | 11.7 ± 16.2 | 12.5 ± 17.2 | 11.9 ± 16.3 | 11.0 ± 15.5 | 9.2 ± 15.0 |
| Aspirin (tablets/day)* | 0.4 ± 0.8 | 0.4 ± 0.7 | 0.4 ± 0.7 | 0.3 ± 0.7 | 0.3 ± 0.6 |
| Cigarettes (pack-years)†§ | 11.0 ± 18.9 | 8.2 ± 15.6 | 5.4 ± 11.9 | 3.4 ± 9.0 | 1.3 ± 5.4 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | |||||
| Before exercise*§ | 25.9 ± 3.7 | 25.2 ± 3.3 | 24.3 ±3.4 | 23.1 ± 3.7 | 20.6 ±4.1 |
| Baseline*§ | 25.5 ± 3.1 | 24.6 ± 2.6 | 23.8 ± 2.3 | 22.9 ±2.1 | 22.0 ±1.9 |
Body mass index before exercise is calculated from participants' body weight when they began running ≥12 miles per week.
*
p ≤0.0001 without adjustment for age.
†
p <0.01;
‡
p <0.001;
§
p <0.0001 when adjusted for age.