Table 4.
Associations between children’s weight status and CHQ-PF28 scale scores (n = 3,227)
| Overweighta (n = 405) | p value | Obesitya (n = 50) | p value | Severe obesitya (n = 45) | p value | Underweighta (n = 449) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical summary | ||||||||
| Bootstrap unadjusted** | −0.80 (−1.61; −0.06) | 0.038 | −1.04 (−3.79; 1.27) | 0.424 | −2.72 (−5.14; −0.65) | 0.008 | −1.15 (-−.95; −0.42) | 0.000 |
| Bootstrap adjusted** | −0.59 (−1.37; 0.17) | 0.138 | −1.12 (−3.56; 1.27) | 0.380 | −2.60 (−4.80; −0.57) | 0.006 | −1.11 (−1.85; −0.39) | 0.002 |
| Psychosocial summary | ||||||||
| Bootstrap unadjusted | −0.15 (−0.92; 0.66) | 0.692 | −1.70 (−3.89; 0.30) | 0.114 | −0.57 (−2.43; 1.27) | 0.564 | 0.22 (−0.45; 0.89) | 0.506 |
| Bootstrap adjusted | −0.13 (−0.96; 0.69) | 0.734 | −1.39 (−4.00; 0.91) | 0.280 | −0.28 (−2.32; 1.77) | 0.794 | 0.27 (−0.43; 0.95) | 0.454 |
| Physical functioning | ||||||||
| Bootstrap unadjusted** | −1.66 (−3.12; −0.29) | 0.014 | −3.95 (−9.40; 0.16) | 0.062 | −6.71 (−11.47; −2.25) | 0.000 | −1.16 (−2.40; 0.06) | 0.058 |
| Bootstrap adjusted** | −1.56 (−3.04; −0.08) | 0.040 | −3.78 (−9.57; 0.96) | 0.124 | −5.93 (−10.32; −1.94) | 0.002 | −1.00 (−2.23; 0.08) | 0.060 |
| Role funct.-emo/behav. | ||||||||
| Bootstrap unadjusted | 0.03 (−1.19; 1.13) | 0.930 | −1.46 (−6.00; 1.98) | 0.512 | −1.34 (−5.88; 1.98) | 0.526 | 0.59 (−0.47; 1.54) | 0.268 |
| Bootstrap adjusted | 0.07 (−1.40; 1.38) | 0.874 | −1.37 (−7.05; 2.95) | 0.624 | −0.49 (−4.96; 3.02) | 0.862 | 0.64 (−0.38; 1.65) | 0.246 |
| Role funct.-physical | ||||||||
| Bootstrap unadjusted | −0.69 (−2.21; 0.71) | 0.340 | −2.00 (−6.66; 1.82) | 0.390 | −1.19 (−5.20; 2.15) | 0.572 | −1.15 (−2.52; 0.17) | 0.088 |
| Bootstrap adjusted | −0.95 (−2.82; 0.65) | 0.234 | −2.32 (−7.81; 2.15) | 0.396 | −1.38 (−5.75; 2.28) | 0.544 | −1.18 (−2.65; 0.14) | 0.082 |
| Bodily pain | ||||||||
| Bootstrap unadjusted* | 0.85 (−0.89; 2.40) | 0.320 | −3.19 (−10.25; 2.87) | 0.344 | 4.27 (0.09; 8.23) | 0.048 | −1.80 (−3.68; −0.09) | 0.034 |
| Bootstrap adjusted* | 0.84 (−0.93; 2.53) | 0.340 | −3.15 (−10.58; 3.16) | 0.360 | 1.85 (−2.52; 5.88) | 0.400 | −2.42 (−4.28; −0.65) | 0.008 |
| General behavior | ||||||||
| Bootstrap unadjusted | −0.66 (−2.23; 0.76) | 0.382 | −3.60 (−7.51; 0.40) | 0.080 | 0.48 (−4.01; 4.66) | 0.808 | 0.48 (−0.95; 1.87) | 0.520 |
| Bootstrap adjusted | −0.56 (−2.29; 1.18) | 0.526 | −3.28 (7.71; 1.22) | 0.156 | 1.19 (−3.94; 5.81) | 0.632 | 0.28 (−1.29; 1.88) | 0.718 |
| Mental health | ||||||||
| Bootstrap unadjusted | −0.24 (−1.75; 1.29) | 0.790 | −4.30 (−9.29; 0.43) | 0.076 | 2.00 (−2.09; 5.69) | 0.324 | −0.48 (−1.94; 0.91) | 0.488 |
| Bootstrap adjusted | −0.27 (−1.93; 1.45) | 0.782 | −2.20 (−7.23; 2.81) | 0.408 | 2.39 (−2.04; 6.30) | 0.282 | −0.03 (−1.52; 1.44) | 1.000 |
| Self-esteem | ||||||||
| Bootstrap unadjusted | 0.29 (−1.09; 1.59) | 0.684 | −3.93 (−7.37; −0.35) | 0.026 | −2.26 (−5.91; 1.25) | 0.228 | 0.28 (−1.09; 1.58) | 0.690 |
| Bootstrap adjusted | 0.25 (−1.23; 1.69) | 0.736 | −4.18 (−7.87; −0.78) | 0.012 | −1.25 (−4.96; 2.59) | 0.512 | 0.27 (−1.29; 1.67) | 0.712 |
| Gen. health perc. | ||||||||
| Bootstrap unadjusted*** | −2.68 (−4.50; −0.90) | 0.002 | −7.06 (−12.55; −1.89) | 0.006 | −7.65 (−12.96; −2.58) | 0.000 | −2.62 (−4.16; −1.07) | 0.000 |
| Bootstrap adjusted** | −1.90 (−3.67; 0.005) | 0.052 | −5.39 (−10.33; −0.78) | 0.018 | −4.41 (−9.91; 0.79) | 0.090 | −2.07 (−3.77; −0.45) | 0.008 |
| Parental-emotional | ||||||||
| Bootstrap unadjusted* | 0.32 (−1.24; 1.89) | 0.670 | −4.81 (−10.01; 0.20) | 0.054 | −7.41 (−13.79; −1.75) | 0.008 | −0.68 (−2.19; 0.74) | 0.378 |
| Bootstrap adjusted | −0.18 (−1.96; 1.60) | 0.852 | −4.55 (−10.43; 0.71) | 0.094 | −6.77 (−13.45; −0.69) | 0.020 | −0.60 (−2.15; 0.89) | 0.450 |
| Parental-time | ||||||||
| Bootstrap unadjusted | −1.65 (−3.47; −0.08) | 0.042 | −1.04 (−4.55; 1.92) | 0.610 | −5.09 (−10.87; −0.34) | 0.034 | −1.00 (−2.34; 0.34) | 0.160 |
| Bootstrap adjusted | −0.53 (−2.22; 1.04) | 0.548 | −0.06 (−4.08; 3.32) | 0.980 | −5.35 (−11.92; −0.24) | 0.046 | −1.41 (−2.91; 0.07) | 0.060 |
| Family activities | ||||||||
| Bootstrap unadjusted | −0.13 (−1.90; 1.68) | 0.870 | 0.82 (−3.72; 4.93) | 0.728 | −0.43 (−5.20; 4.02) | 0.894 | −0.49 (−2.17; 1.17) | 0.572 |
| Bootstrap adjusted | −0.004 (−1.86; 1.98) | 0.996 | 1.90 (−3.08; 6.61) | 0.434 | 0.85 (−4.80; 5.55) | 0.736 | –0.44 (−2.22; 1.26) | 0.628 |
| Family cohesion | ||||||||
| Bootstrap unadjusted | −0.55 (−2.60; 1.54) | 0.564 | −3.45 (−8.01; 0.88) | 0.134 | −2.62 (−7.30; 2.67) | 0.316 | 1.41 (−0.36; 3.16) | 0.116 |
| Bootstrap adjusted | 0.07 (−2.08; 2.13) | 0.962 | −4.43 (−9.31; 0.51) | 0.082 | −1.56 (−7.34; 4.91) | 0.594 | 0.74 (−1.31; 2.78) | 0.504 |
| Change in health | ||||||||
| Bootstrap unadjusted | 1.08 (−0.57; 2.91) | 0.214 | 1.20 (−3.38; 6.38) | 0.652 | 3.89 (−1.76; 10.20) | 0.202 | 0.28 (−1.15; 1.80) | 0.726 |
| Bootstrap adjusted | 0.43 (−1.30; 2.35) | 0.642 | −0.06 (−5.18; 5.49) | 0.970 | 0.86 (−4.73; 7.21) | 0.814 | 0.15 (1.44; 1.71) | 0.832 |
Bootstrap analyses were performed for the general linear model; values are beta coefficients relative to the normal weight reference group with 95 % confidence intervals. Numbers in boldface indicate a significant beta-coefficient. Unadjusted bootstrap: weight category as independent variable and the CHQ-PF28 scale as dependent variables, no correction for potential confounding variables. Adjusted bootstrap: the model corrected for potential confounding variables; weight category, child characteristics (gender, age, ethnicity, number of chronic conditions) and maternal characteristics (age, country of birth, education level, marital status and overweight yes/no) as independent variables and the CHQ-PF28 scales as dependent variables
* Represents significance level of weight category in the overall bootstrapped model, * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001
aSubgroups of weight categories based on international age- and gender-specific BMI cutoff values, for severe obesity cutoff values of BMI: 20.00 in boys and BMI: 21.00 in girls were used