TABLE 5. Association Between Air Pollution and Postneonatal Death (28 Days to 1 Year of age), Stratified According to Birth Weight and Gestational Age.
| Pollutant/Exposure Period | OR (95% CI) |
|
|---|---|---|
| Single-Pollutant Models | Multiple-Pollutant Models | |
| Term/normal-weight infants | ||
| All-cause death | ||
| CO/2 mo before death | 2723 case subjects, 44 425 control subjects | 2545 case subjects, 41 404 control subjects |
| Per 1 ppm | 1.12 (1.05–1.19) | 1.07 (0.98–1.17) |
| 1.06 to <2.05 ppma | 0.99 (0.89–1.11) | 0.95 (0.83–1.09) |
| ≥2.05 ppm | 1.25 (1.08–1.45) | 1.08 (0.89–1.30) |
| PM10/2 mo before death | 2679 case subjects, 43 971 control subjects | 2545 case subjects, 41 404 control subjects |
| Per 10 μg/m3 | 1.03 (0.99–1.06) | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) |
| 35.3 to <54.1 μg/m3 | 0.97 (0.87–1.08) | 0.95 (0.85–1.07) |
| ≥54.1 μg/m3 | 1.11 (0.96–1.27) | 1.05 (0.90–1.23) |
| SIDS | ||
| CO/2 mo before death | 1045 case subjects, 12 425 control subjects | 968 case subjects, 11 578 control subjects |
| Per 1 ppm | 1.17 (1.07–1.29) | 1.09 (0.95–1.25) |
| 1.08 to <2.12 ppm | 1.06 (0.88–1.28) | 0.96 (0.77–1.20) |
| ≥2.12 ppm | 1.40 (1.10–1.78) | 1.10 (0.81–1.50) |
| NO2/2 mo before death | 1018 case subjects, 12 073 control subjects | 968 case subjects, 11 578 control subjects |
| Per 1 pphm | 1.16 (1.08–1.25) | 1.09 (0.98–1.21) |
| 3.08 to <4.65 pphm | 1.37 (1.12–1.66) | 1.35 (1.07–1.70) |
| ≥4.65 pphm | 1.63 (1.28–2.06) | 1.55 (1.15–2.10) |
| PM10/2 mo before death | 1021 case subjects, 12 240 control subjects | 968 case subjects, 11 578 control subjects |
| Per 10 μg/m3 | 1.01 (0.96–1.07) | 0.99 (0.93–1.06) |
| 35.8 to <55.7 μg/m3 | 0.97 (0.81–1.16) | 0.93 (0.76–1.13) |
| ≥55.7 μg/m3 | 1.06 (0.84–1.34) | 0.93 (0.71–1.22) |
| Respiratory death | ||
| CO/2 wk before death | 248 case subjects, 5550 control subjects | 228 case subjects, 5079 control subjects |
| Per 1 ppm | 1.14 (0.95–1.36) | 1.26 (0.98–1.62) |
| 1.02 to <2.07 ppm | 0.76 (0.51–1.15) | 0.90 (0.54–1.49) |
| ≥2.07 ppm | 0.98 (0.59–1.62) | 1.18 (0.59–2.37) |
| PM10/2 wk before death | 241 case subjects, 5426 control subjects | 228 case subjects, 5079 control subjects |
| Per 10 μg/m3 | 1.06 (0.99–1.14) | 1.05 (0.96–1.14) |
| 33.0 to <55.5 μg/m3 | 0.99 (0.69–1.44) | 1.04 (0.69–1.56) |
| ≥55.5 μg/m3 | 1.46 (0.95–2.26) | 1.56 (0.94–2.60) |
| Preterm and/or LBW infants | ||
| All-cause death | ||
| CO/2 mo before death | 2012 case subjects, 5963 control subjects | 1900 case subjects, 5619 control subjects |
| Per 1 ppm | 1.12 (1.01–1.25) | 1.01 (0.87–1.19) |
| 1.09 to <2.12 ppm | 1.20 (0.99–1.47) | 1.28 (1.01–1.63) |
| ≥2.12 ppm | 1.30 (1.00–1.69) | 1.29 (0.91–1.84) |
| PM10/2 mo before death | 1999 case subjects, 5904 control subjects | 1900 case subjects, 5619 control subjects |
| Per 10 μg/m3 | 1.06 (1.00–1.13) | 1.04 (0.96–1.12) |
| 35.4–54.7 μg/m3 | 0.92 (0.77–1.11) | 0.80 (0.65–0.99) |
| ≥54.7 μg/m3 | 1.24 (0.97–1.57) | 1.11 (0.83–1.48) |
| SIDS | ||
| CO/2 mo before death | 376 case subjects, 1627 control subjects | 352 case subjects, 1521 control subjects |
| Per 1 ppm | 1.46 (1.09–1.94) | 1.35 (0.88–2.06) |
| 1.12 to <2.18 ppm | 1.35 (0.78–2.34) | 1.27 (0.61–2.62) |
| ≥2.18 ppm | 1.84 (0.89–3.83) | 1.45 (0.51–4.10) |
| NO2/2 mo before death | 368 case subjects, 1590 control subjects | 352 case subjects, 1521 control subjects |
| Per 1 pphm | 1.40 (1.09–1.79) | 1.22 (0.86–1.72) |
| 3.11 to <4.72 pphm | 1.80 (0.97–3.33) | 1.83 (0.84–4.01) |
| ≥4.72 pphm | 2.34 (1.13–4.86) | 2.10 (0.75–5.87) |
| PM10/2 mo before death | 369 case subjects, 1600 control subjects | 352 case subjects, 1521 control subjects |
| Per 10 μg/m3 | 1.26 (1.06–1.50) | 1.11 (0.89–1.39) |
| 36.2 to <56.6 μg/m3 | 0.80 (0.47–1.37) | 0.64 (0.34–1.18) |
| ≥56.6 μg/m3 | 1.95 (0.96–3.99) | 1.29 (0.53–3.12) |
| Respiratory death | ||
| CO/2 wk before death | 382 case subjects, 760 control subjects | 355 case subjects, 704 control subjects |
| Per 1 ppm | 1.03 (0.83–1.27) | 1.01 (0.73–1.40) |
| 1.08 to <2.20 ppm | 1.03 (0.65–1.64) | 0.87 (0.47–1.61) |
| ≥2.20 ppm | 1.44 (0.76–2.73) | 1.61 (0.62–4.19) |
| PM10/2 wk before death | 375 case subjects, 737 control subjects | 355 case subjects, 704 control subjects |
| Per 10 μg/m3 | 1.08 (0.98–1.20) | 1.10 (0.96–1.26) |
| 33.5 to <58.0 μg/m3 | 1.26 (0.81–1.97) | 1.08 (0.66–1.75) |
| ≥58.0 μg/m3 | 1.78 (1.02–3.10) | 2.04 (1.00–4.18) |
The following variables were included in the models: infant gender, maternal age, race, and education, level of prenatal care, death season, birth county, and parity. Multiple-pollutant models included those variables plus averages for all 4 pollutants (CO, NO2, PM10, and O3).
a
Values listed are the 25th to <75th and ≥75th percentile cutoff points from single-pollutant models.