Table 1.
Comparison of Baseline Demographic Characteristics and Sexual Risk Behaviors at Enrollment of the Cases (HIV Seroconverters) and Controls
| Variable | Cases, No. (%) (n = 44) | Controls, No. (%) (n = 787) | OR (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | .01 | |||
| 15–19 | 8 (18.2) | 47 (6.0) | 1.00 | |
| 20–24 | 12 (27.3) | 176 (22.4) | 0.40 (.15–1.04) | |
| 25–29 | 10 (22.7) | 217 (27.6) | 0.27 (.10–.72) | |
| 30–49 | 14 (31.8) | 347 (44.1) | 0.24 (.09–.60) | |
| Education level | .58 | |||
| None | 4 (9.1) | 64 (8.1) | 1.00 | |
| Primary | 28 (63.6) | 557 (70.8) | 0.80 (.27–2.37) | |
| Secondary or higher | 12 (27.3) | 166 (21.1) | 1.16 (.36–3.72) | |
| Occupation | .56 | |||
| Non–wage earning | 12 (27.3) | 248 (31.5) | 1.00 | |
| Wage earning | 32 (72.7) | 539 (68.5) | 1.23 (.62–2.42) | |
| Marital status | <.001 | |||
| Never married | 20 (45.5) | 66 (8.4) | 1.00 | |
| Currently married | 21 (47.7) | 709 (90.1) | 0.10 (.05–.19) | |
| Previously married | 3 (6.8) | 12 (1.5) | 0.82 (.21–3.22) | |
| Nonmarital relationships | .001 | |||
| No | 27 (61.4) | 644 (81.8) | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 17 (38.6) | 143 (18.2) | 2.84 (1.51–5.34) | |
| Sex partners in past year, no. | .04 | |||
| None | 4 (9.1) | 26 (3.3) | 1.00 | |
| 1 | 18 (40.9) | 441 (56.0) | 0.27 (.08–.84) | |
| ≥2 | 22 (50.0) | 320 (40.7) | 0.45 (.14–1.39) | |
| Condom use in past year | .05 | |||
| No | 4 (9.1) | 26 (3.3) | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 40 (90.9) | 761 (96.7) | 0.34 (.11–1.03) | |
| Genital ulcer disease (self-reported) | .37 | |||
| No | 39 (88.6) | 727 (92.4) | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 5 (11.4) | 60 (7.6) | 1.55 (.59–4.09) | |
| Urethral discharge (self-reported) | .004 | |||
| No | 38 (86.4) | 754 (95.8) | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 6 (13.6) | 33 (4.2) | 3.61 (1.42–9.13) | |
| Dysuria (self-reported) | .13 | |||
| No | 39 (88.6) | 742 (94.3) | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 5 (11.4) | 45 (5.7) | 2.11 (.79–5.62) | |
| Circumcision trial arm | <.001 | |||
| Control | 35 (79.5) | 405 (51.5) | 1.00 | |
| Intervention | 9 (20.5) | 382 (48.5) | 0.27 (.13–.57) | |
| Syphilis statusa | .49 | |||
| Persistently negative | 41 (93.2) | 700 (90.0) | 1.00 | |
| Positive at enrollment | 3 (6.8) | 78 (10.0) | 0.66 (.20–2.17) | |
| HSV-2 statusb | <.001 | |||
| Persistently negative | 11 (25.0) | 373 (47.9) | 1.00 | |
| Indeterminate at enrollment | 10 (22.7) | 80 (10.3) | 4.24 (1.74–10.32) | |
| Persistently positive | 15 (34.1) | 292 (37.5) | 1.74 (.79–3.85) | |
| Seroconversion during study | 8 (18.2) | 33 (4.2) | 8.22 (3.09–21.85) | |
| HPV detected at enrollmentc | .001 | |||
| No | 7 (15.9) | 333 (42.3) | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 37 (84.1) | 454 (57.7) | 3.88 (1.71–8.80) |
The case group comprised males with HIV seroconversion, and the control group comprised males who were persistently HIV negative.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HPV, human papillomavirus; HSV-2, herpes simplex virus type 2; OR, odds ratio.
a Determined by a positive rapid plasma reagin test, followed by a Treponema pallidum particle agglutination assay. Data were missing for 9 controls.
b Based on testing at enrollment and the 24-month follow-up visit. Data were missing for 9 controls.
c Includes high-risk and low-risk HPV types.