FIGURE 7.

Effect of GAPC2 expression on PA-reduced seedling growth. A, confirmation of GAPC2 overexpression by immunoblotting. The proteins from 10-day-old transgenic seedlings were probed using anti-FLAG antibody. EV, empty vector control. B, confirmation of gapc2 disruption by RT-PCR. Total RNA was extracted and reverse-transcribed. The resulting cDNA was amplified by GAPC2 primers and visualized on an agarose gel. Ubiquitin was used as a loading control. C and D, growth phenotype of the GAPC2-altered lines grown with PA (C) or PA plus Zn²⁺ (D). Arabidopsis seedlings were grown with 100 μm PA and 1 mm ZnCl₂ for 5 days, harvested, and measured in terms of root length (left) and fresh weight (right). Values are percentage of untreated seedlings, indicating the PA suppression of seedling growth. Bars represent means ± S.D. (error bars; n = 10). Single and double asterisks denote a statistical significance from Student's t test paired with EV and WT, respectively (p < 0.01). E, representative images of controls (WT and EV), GAPC2 overexpressors (GAPC2-1 and GAPC2-2), and GAPC2-knock-outs (gapc2-1 and gapc2-2) grown as in C and D. Scale bars, 1 cm.