Table 2.
Results from parentage analysis of offspring born during direct competition
| Response variable | Source | DF | DFden | F | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Litter size | |||||
| |
Sweep* |
4 |
92.4 |
0.64 |
0.64 |
| Maternal treatment |
1 |
93 |
0.63 |
0.43 |
|
| Litter type (mixed or pure) |
1 |
92 |
10.3 |
0.0019 |
|
| Maternal treatment × litter type |
1 |
92.0 |
0.93 |
0.34 |
|
| No. pups per mixed litter | |||||
| |
Sweep |
4 |
12.7 |
0.36 |
0.83 |
| Maternal treatment |
1 |
51.5 |
0.33 |
0.57 |
|
| Paternal treatment |
1 |
51 |
0.87 |
0.35 |
|
| Maternal × paternal treatment |
1 |
51 |
1.61 |
0.21 |
|
| No. pups per pure litter | |||||
| |
Sweep |
4 |
67.8 |
0.79 |
0.54 |
| Maternal treatment |
1 |
70.1 |
0.16 |
0.69 |
|
| Paternal treatment |
1 |
65.0 |
1.34 |
0.25 |
|
| Maternal × paternal treatment |
1 |
54.3 |
0.95 |
0.34 |
|
| Number of offspring by territory type | |||||
| |
PIT-tag reader session# |
2 |
27 |
0.76 |
0.48 |
| Territory type+ |
2 |
27 |
10.4 |
0.0005 |
|
| Paternal treatment |
1 |
27 |
8.13 |
0.0083 |
|
| Territory type × paternal treatment | 2 | 27 | 0.30 | 0.74 | |
Shown are the effects of parental treatment (monogamy or promiscuous) on the size of all litters, mixed (multiple paternity) litters, and pure (single paternity) litters. Also shown are the effects of paternal treatment and social dominance on number of offspring. GLMM analysis of reproductive success with population as a random effect and all else as fixed effects.
+Territory type: Within-territory, extra-territory or undefended.
*Offspring sweeps were conducted approximately every 35 days to remove and sacrifice pups for genetic analysis (thus preventing them from reaching sexual maturity) (n = 5).
#Transceivers were regularly rotated through the 10 enclosures throughout the competition experiment.