Figure 1. Effect of nutrient imbalances during alcoholic fermentation.

Rate of CO₂ production by S. cerevisiae EC1118 cultures at 24°C (A) at various times of fermentation or (B) CO₂ production, and viability of S. cerevisiae EC1118 cells according to (C) time of alcoholic fermentation at 24°C and (D) CO₂ production. The synthetic medium contained 71 mg/L (SM71) or 142 mg/L (SM142) assimilable nitrogen, and 5% or 100% lipid factors (LF5% or LF100%). Viability was measured by flow cytometry after propidium iodide staining. The graphs are the result of smoothing of measurements series (at least 3 repetitions) using the software R. Smoothing obtained is framed by a confidence interval calculated at 95%.