Table 2.
Effects of simulator sickness (SS) and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on various physiological parameters
|
Phase 1 |
Phase 2 |
Early post-test |
Late post-test |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
(Pre-20 to pre-10 min) |
(Pre-10 min to 0 min) |
(30 min to SS15 min) |
(SS15min to SS30 min) |
|||||
| SS | SS + TENS | SS | SS + TENS | SS | SS + TENS | SS | SS + TENS | |
| HR (bpm) |
73.09 ± 13.27 |
76.65 ± 8.95 |
74.22 ± 14.36 |
74.22 ± 9.15 |
77.15 ± 18.10 |
75.41 ± 9.64* |
78.59 ± 13.85# |
76.23 ± 7.10* |
| LF/(LF + HF) |
0.52 ± 0.17 |
0.60 ± 0.06 |
0.51 ± 0.18 |
0.57 ± 0.08 |
0.70 ± 0.11# |
0.55 ± 0.11* |
0.75 ± 0.06# |
0.58 ± 0.10* |
| HF/(LF + HF) |
0.48 ± 0.17 |
0.40 ± 0.06 |
0.49 ± 0.18 |
0.43 ± 0.08 |
0.30 ± 0.11# |
0.45 ± 0.11* |
0.25 ± 0.06# |
0.42 ± 0.10* |
| LF/HF | 1.43 ± 0.87 | 1.66 ± 0.44 | 1.37 ± 0.75 | 1.51 ± 0.50 | 3.00 ± 1.46# | 1.42 ± 0.57* | 3.66 ± 1.74# | 1.68 ± 0.78* |
SS: simulation sickness; HR: heart rate; LF: low frequency, HF: high frequency; % change compared with pre-20 min presented in parentheses.
*p < 0.05 relative to SS; # < 0.05 relative to baseline (Pre-20 min).