Ribavirin
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Eukaryotic translation initiation factor: eIF4E; Enhanced mRNA transport and translation of cyclin D1, survivin, c-myc, VEGF and etc.
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Ribavirin binds to eIF4E with high affinity and competes with its binding to mRNA; selectively disrupts eIF4E subcellular organization and therefore transport and translation of mRNAs which are post-transcriptionally regulated by eIF4E leading to decreased levels of oncogenes such as cyclin D1.
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Patients with acute myeloid leukemias; Breast cancer cell lines
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[27-29]
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Acyclovir
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indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO); enhances activity of Treg while Treg inhibits immunity in glioblastomas
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Acyclovir could decrease Treg function in glioblastoma and could potentially be used as an adjunct in therapy
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Proposed
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[8]
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17-AAG, 17-DMAG (geldanamycin analogs)
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HSP-90 promotes survival of tumor cell, induces their growth and metastasis even when there are no growth factors via continued protein translation and cellular proliferation; Its client proteins include: KIT, AKT, CDK4, telomerase, Bcl-2, MMP2 and others.
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Inhibition of HSP90 leads to decreased level and activity of its client protein protooncogene KIT and downstream signaling molecules AKT and STAT3
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HMC-1 cells derived from a patient with mast cell leukemia
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[30,31]
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Hsp90 inhibition by 17-AAG leads to decreased proliferation and viability and increased radiosensitivity of cancer cells
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Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines
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[32]
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Clioquinol
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Acts as metal ionophore
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Probably increases metal concentration in mitochondria and induces release of cytochrome c leading to apoptosis
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DHL-4, A2780, SiHa and other cells and mouse xenograft model
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[33]
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PMEG, PMEDAP |
VEGF, EGF, FGF, PDGF and their receptors are important in angiogenesis |
Diphosphate derivatives of PMEG and PMEDAP inhibit DNA polymerase and activity of human telomerase in vitro. DNA damage could affect signalling pathways associated with angiogenesis. |
SD-lymphoma bearing rats |
[34] |