Fig. 3.

Quantitative PCR comparison of male (blue columns) and female (red columns) doses of Ace-1, mago, and Notch genes normalized to the autosomal reference gene EF-1α in C. pomonella (Olethreutinae, Grapholitini), L. botrana (Olethreutinae, Olethreutini), and E. ambiguella (Tortricinae, Tortricini). Male and female genomic DNAs were used as templates. Error bars represent SDs calculated from three independent samples (Table S4). Twofold differences in both Ace-1 and Notch gene doses between males and females suggest a Z-linkage of the genes in all three tortricids examined. However, mago gene doses did not differ significantly between males and females in both members of the subfamily Olethreutinae, C. pomonella, and L. botrana, thus indicating an autosomal location of the mago gene, in contrast with E. ambiguella where a two times higher dose of this gene in males compared with females suggests its Z-linkage. Phylogenetic relationships are based on ref. 20. 1, Olethreutinae; 2, Tortricinae; 3, Chlidanotinae.