Table 1.

Means and Standard Deviations of Study Variables for Total Sample and by Gender

	Total Sample				Males		Females
Variable	Mean	(SD)	Range	Maximum Range	M	(SD)	M	(SD)	T-test
Grade 1
Aggressive Behavior	1.62	(0.85)	1–6	1–6	1.78	(0.95)	1.43	(0.68)	5.43***
Academic Readiness	4.16	(1.37)	1–6	1–6	3.95	(1.38)	4.40	(1.32)	4.18**
Grade 3
Peer Rejection	2.35	(1.17)	1–6	1–6	2.49	(1.20)	2.19	(1.13)	2.86**
Grade 6
Deviant Peer Affiliation	10.25	(3.93)	6–29	1–30	10.46	(4.07)	10.01	(3.76)	1.29
Conduct Problems	1.56	(0.67)	1–5	1–6	1.70	(0.73)	1.40	(0.54)	4.86***
Grade 8
Exposure to Community Violence	0.64	(0.92)	0–6	0–7	0.75	(0.98)	0.51	(0.83)	3.02**

Note. Sample sizes vary slightly because complete measures were not available for all participants at each assessment, n = 623 for aggressive behavior and academic readiness; n = 509 for peer rejection; n = 512 for conduct problems; n = 522 for deviant peer affiliation; n = 545 for exposure to community violence. Aggressive behavior, academic readiness, peer rejection, and conduct problems were assessed using the Teacher Observation of Classroom Adaptation-Revised (TOCA-R; Werthamer-Larsson et al., 1991). Deviant peer affiliation subscale was developed by Capaldi and Patterson (1989). Community violence exposure was assessed using the Children’s Report of Exposure to Violence (CREV; Cooley et al., 1995).

^*p < .05.

^**p < .01.

^***p < .001.