Table 1.
Characteristics of patients
| Baseline Period n = 66,496 | Intervention Period n = 90,045 | |
|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||
| Age (years) | 55.2 ± 19.8 | 56.0 ± 19.8 |
| Gender (% female) | 59.0% | 58.0% |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| White | 71% | 71% |
| Black | 10% | 11% |
| Asian | 3% | 4% |
| Hispanic | 4% | 5% |
| Other | 12% | 9% |
| Case mix index | 1.55 ± 1.71 | 1.52 ± 1.58 |
| Comorbidities | ||
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 1.00 ± 1.12 | 1.12 ± 1.24 |
| Acquired immune deficiency syndrome | 1% | 1% |
| Alcohol abuse | 3% | 3% |
| Chronic blood loss anemia | 2% | 2% |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 12% | 12% |
| Coagulopthy | 3% | 4% |
| Congestive heart failure | 11% | 12% |
| Deficiency anemias | 11% | 13% |
| Depression | 5% | 6% |
| Diabetes with chronic complications | 5% | 6% |
| Diabetes without chronic complications | 14% | 15% |
| Drug abuse | 2% | 2% |
| Fluid and electrolyte disorders | 12% | 13% |
| Hypertension | 38% | 41% |
| Hypothyroidism | 8% | 9% |
| Liver disease | 4% | 4% |
| Lymphoma | 1% | 2% |
| Metastatic cancer | 4% | 4% |
| Obesity | 2% | 2% |
| Other neurological disorders | 4% | 5% |
| Paralysis | 1% | 1% |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 0% | 0% |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 4% | 5% |
| Psychoses | 2% | 3% |
| Pulmonary circulation disease | 2% | 2% |
| Renal failure | 6% | 12% |
| Rheumatoid arthritis/collagen vascular disease | 2% | 2% |
| Solid tumor without metastasis | 2% | 2% |
| Valvular disease | 7% | 7% |
| Weight loss | 1% | 1% |
| Outcomes | ||
| Unexpected mortality outside the intensive care unit (%) | 0.09% | 0.02% |
| Mortality (%) | 2.08% | 1.95% |
| Length of stay (days) | 4.9 ± 6.9 | 4.7 ± 6.2 |
| Intensive care unit length of stay (days) | 0.6 ± 3.3 | 0.6 ± 2.7 |