Table 3.

aPa was not assessed objectively, nor were affective states assessed electronically.

Reference	Aim of the study	Sample	Procedures	Measurements		Results
				Physical activity	Affective states
Bohnert et al. (2009)	To assess if more involvement in active structured discretionary activities would be associated with fewer depressive symptoms and delinquency To assess if positive effect mediate these relationship	246 Urban African American adolescents, 107 boys, 139 girls, 10–15 years M = 11.95, SD = 1.23	1 Week/seven times a day	Self-report: pager and booklet; open-ended question “what were you doing?”	Booklet: how were you feeling? – bipolar scale with the following pairs of adjectives: happy – unhappy, weak – strong, angry – friendly, awake – tired, cheerful – grouchy/cranky	Contrary to the expectations, results suggest that involvement in structured discretionary time activities was not associated with less depressive symptoms and delinquency. But more time spent in these activities was positively associated with positive affect
Carels et al. (2007)	To assess the influence of morning mood on exercise, intensity, and duration To assess the effect of exercise intensity and duration on post-exercise mood enhancement	51 Adults (89% female), 31–65 years, M = 49.3, SD = 11.2; BMI: M = 41.5, SD = 7.3	During the first 4 and the final 4 weeks of a weight loss intervention program participants completed an exercise and mood diary. Participants reported morning, evening, pre- and post-exercise mood, as well as the type, intensity, and duration of exercise	Self-report, booklet: type, duration, intensity	Booklet: feeling scale (single item)	Morning mood was associated with an increased likelihood of exercising; morning mood was not a significant predictor of exercise intensity and duration. Mood ratings were higher following exercise of greater intensity and duration
Focht et al. (2004)	To examine feeling state fluctuations in older, obese adults with knee osteoarthritis throughout the day and in response to an acute bout of physical activity	32 Clinically obese, sedentary adults (25 female) over 60 years of age (M = 69.1; SD = 6.5) BMI: M = 27.5, with knee osteoarthritis	6 Days, 8:00 a.m. to 9:30 p.m., stratified random schedule; days were divided in three exercise and three non-exercise days	Exercise sessions (11:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m.) for all participants, walking phase 50–70% of heart rate reserve	Pager and booklet; Exercise-Induced Feeling Inventory (EFI)	Affective states did not change with involvement in acute exercise
Gauvin and Szabo (1992)	To examine the effects of 1-week exercise withdrawal on daily positive and negative affect	12 Experimental and 9 control subjects (14 male), age: M = 23.6; SD = 5.4, exercising on average for 7.5 (SD = 3.1) hours/week during the past 5 month	5 Weeks, four times a day (fixed interval measurement schedule); experimental group: participants were asked to stop exercising on day 15 until day 21	Physical activity was not measured during experimental period	Pager and booklet; four positive and five negative affective states: happy, pleased, joyful, enjoyment, unhappy, depressed, blue, angry, frustrated, anxious; and two additional indicators: stressed, relaxed	Exercise withdrawal had no significant impact on positive and negative affect
Gauvin et al. (1996)	To describe changes in affect and feeling states in a community sample of physically active women after acute bouts of vigorous physical activity To explore the moderating role of average mood states, pre-activity scores, estimated aerobic capacity, and frequency of participation in physical activity in the outcome measures	108 Women attending fitness classes at local YMCAs; 86 participants (age: M = 33) provided sufficient data	6 Weeks, four times a day, pager signal at random intervals between 8:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m., additional before and after physical activity bouts lasting 20 min or longer	Self-report: pager and booklet; vigorous (e.g., fitness class or brisk walk) versus light (e.g., leisurely walk or yoga) physical activity	Booklet; affective states were measured with (1) positive affects: happy, pleased, joyful, experience of enjoyment-fun; negative affect: depressed-blue, worried-anxious, frustrated, unhappy, angry-hostile and (2) with Exercise-Induced Feeling Inventory (EFI)	Involvement in physical activity was associated with increases in tranquility, revitalization, and positive affect, and decreases in negative affect. Between-subjects variables did not systematically moderate pre-activity to post-activity changes in mood
Gauvin et al. (2000)	To examine diurnal patterns of feeling states in a community sample of physically active women on days that they were either active of inactive	84 Physically active women from local YMCAs, 19–57 years old M = 33.1; SD = 10.4	6 Weeks, four times a day at random intervals between 8:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m., additional experience sampling questionnaires before and after physical activity bouts lasting 20 min	Self-report: pager and booklet; participants wrote down what they were doing, when responding to the pager call, or before/after exercise	Booklet; Exercise-Induced Feeling Inventory (EFI)	Scores for positive engagement, revitalization, and tranquility assessed following exercise were significantly higher than values recorded at the same time on inactive days
Hausenblas et al. (2008)	To determine if deprivation from exercise resulted in variations in feeling states	40 University students (26 female), age: M = 20.5; SD = 2.5, engaged in five weekly bouts of moderate/strenuous exercise	6-Day study, three exercise + three non-exercise days, three times a day (9:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m.), in addition: immediately before and following exercise	Self-report: pager and booklet; Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire (LTEQ)	Booklet; Exercise-Induced Feeling Inventory (EFI)	Acute exercise resulted in improved feeling states
Kanning and Schlicht (2010)	To analyze if physically active episodes are associated with more positive mood compared with episodes of inactivity	13 Participants 52–59 years old (9 female)	10-Week period, one to three self-selected episodes per day during their daily routine (defined as occurrences with a definite start/end)	Self-report: booklet; activity described by the participants (strolling around, reading etc.)	Booklet; German-language Multidimensional Mood Questionnaire (MDBF)	When activity increased, valence, energetic arousal, and calmness also increased
LePage and Crowther (2010)	To assess if low trait body dissatisfied individuals will exhibit less state body dissatisfaction and negative affect and more positive affect following exercise than at other times throughout the day	61 Female undergraduate university students, age: M = 19.1; SD = 2.88 BMI: M = 23.23; SD = 3.65	10 Days, four times throughout the day and following exercise	Self-report; pager and booklet, questions assessing type and amount of exercise	Booklet; ten items of the PANAS-X	Individuals reported less negative affect after exercising than at random assessments
Vendrig and Lousberg (1997)	An initial effort to examine within person relationships among pain intensity, mood, and activity level of chronic pain patients using experience sampling method	57 (31 Females) chronic pain patients, 21–65 years old M = 42.3, SD = 10	6 Days/eight times a day, between 8:30 a.m. and 10:30 p.m. (Tuesday–Sunday). one booklet per day	Self-report: pager and booklet; single item scoring activity intensity: 1 = rest, 2 = lying down, 3 = doing nothing to 7 = heavy physical work	Single item: seven point Likert scale, very negative mood to very positive mood	There was no significant relation between activity level and mood
Wichers et al. (2011)	To examine the subtle hour-to-hour fluctuations in affect in relation to increases in physical activity in the flow of daily life	504 Female twins, 18–46 years old; M = 27, SD = 7.6	Five consecutive days, ten times a day, between 7:30 and 22:30, stratified random schedule	Self-report: pager and booklet; single item scoring activity intensity from 1 (e.g., resting) to 7 (e.g., running)	Booklet; PANAS	Significant increase in positive affect following the moment of increase in physical activity was replicated across both samples up to 180 min after physical activity. There was no effect of physical activity on negative affect