Figure 1.

Relationship between maternal faecal androgen (fA) concentrations during gestation and rates of aggression [73] emitted by the female offspring produced from those pregnancies when offspring were (a) two to four months old (n = 19) towards their peers at dens and (b) adults (older than 24 months) towards their adult peers (n = 14). Aggressive behaviour here occurred in the context of competition over access to solid food as well as in other contexts. We assessed multiple variables as possible covariates of aggression rates observed among these offspring as both cubs [72] and adults (maternal rank during gestation, R² partial =−0.31, p = 0.31, maternal rates of aggression during gestation, R² partial = 0.05, p = 0.87, and average offspring rank, R² partial =−0.34, p = 0.25), but none were significant.