Table 3. Logistic Regression Analysis of the Association Between Current Waterpipe Tobacco Smokers With Selected Sociodemographic Factors, Among Men Aged 15 Years or Older, Global Adult Tobacco Survey, Vietnam, 2010.

Variable	Model A (Education Excluded, Men Aged ≥15 Years)		Model B (Education Included, Men Aged ≥25 Years)
	OR (95% CI)	P Valuea	OR (95% CI)	P Valuea
Age, y
15–24	Reference		NA
25–34	1.4 (0.8–2.7)	.24	Reference
35–44	1.8 (0.9–3.4)	.08	1.2 (0.8–1.8)	.28
45–54	2.6 (1.3–4.9)	.005	1.8 (1.2–2.6)	.003
55–64	1.8 (0.9–3.7)	.12	1.3 (0.8–2.0)	.30
≥65	0.8 (0.4–1.8)	.68	0.6 (0.3–1.0)	.05
Occupationb
Government staff	Reference		Reference
Nongovernment staff	0.6 (0.2–1.6)	.33	0.5 (0.2–1.3)	.15
Unstable job	1.8 (1.0–3.5)	.06	1.4 (0.7–3.1)	.37
Student	0.3 (0.1–1.0)	.05	0c
Other	1.5 (0.7–3.1)	.33	1.2 (0.5–2.7)	.74
Wealth quintilead
1st (lowest)	3.8 (2.2–6.4)	<.001	3.2 (1.8–5.7)	<.001
2nd	3.2 (1.9–5.3)	<.001	2.9 (1.7–5.1)	<.001
3rd	2.7 (1.6–4.5)	.005	2.1 (1.2–3.6)	.04
4th	1.6 (1.0–2.7)	.34	1.4 (0.8–2.4)	.64
5th (highest)	Reference		Reference
Ethnicitye
Kinh	Reference		Reference
Other	1.0 (0.7–1.5)	.89	1.0 (0.7–1.5)	.98
Marital status
Single	0.7 (0.4–1.1)	.14	0.8 (0.4–1.5)	.50
Married	Reference		Reference
Separated	0.9 (0.1–9.2)	.96	1.0 (0.1–10.9)	.98
Divorced	1.5 (0.3–6.1)	.60	1.4 (0.3–5.8)	.62
Widowed	1.1 (0.5–2.5)	.77	1.1 (0.5–2.5)	.74
Area of residence
Urban	Reference		Reference
Rural	1.7 (1.3–2.3)	.001	1.6 (1.2–2.2)	.004
Geographic region of residence
Red River Delta	20.7 (9.0–47.3)	<.001	29.4 (13.9–62.1)	<.001
Northern midland and mountain	16.2 (7.1–36.7)	<.001	22.8 (10.6–49.0)f	<.001
North central and central coastal	6.4 (2.8–14.6)	<.001	8.6 (4.0–18.4)f	<.001
Central highlands	3.3 (1.3–8.3)	.01	5.2 (2.2–12.3)f	<.001
South East	Reference		Reference
Mekong River Deltag	0		0
Access to tobacco information
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	1.1 (0.7–1.8)	.67	1.0 (0.6–1.7)	.96
Access to health warnings
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	0.8 (0.5–1.2)	.35	0.8 (0.5–1.2)	.27
Access to tobacco advertisement
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	0.9 (0.6–1.4)	.69	0.7 (0.4–1.1)	.09
Believe smoking harms health
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	2.1 (1.0–4.3)	.05	2.2 (1.0–4.8)	.06
Believe smoking causes diseases
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	0.2 (0.1–0.4)	<.001	0.3 (0.1–0.6)	.001
Educationh
Primary or less	NA		2.0 (1.0–4.1)	.06
Lower secondary			1.9 (0.9–3.8)	.08
Upper secondary			1.3 (0.7–2.6)	.41
Some college or more			Reference

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; NA, not applicable.

^a χ² test.

^b Occupation based on reported main work status over the past 12 months of the respondent. Unstable jobs were defined as freelance worker and self-employed. This information is based on information in the asset wealth index.

^c There were no students in this age group.

^d This index was constructed by using household assets, utilities, and housing construction as variables in principal-components analysis and by computing a wealth index for each household surveyed.

^e Based on the ethnic group that the respondent reported belonging to. Approximately 85% of the population of the country is Kinh.

^f Significant at P < .05.

^g No one in the sample population in the Mekong River Delta region reported waterpipe tobacco smoking.

^h The highest educational level that the respondent completed: primary or less is equivalent to less than 6th grade; lower secondary is equivalent to finishing 6th to 9th grade; upper secondary is equivalent to finishing 10th to 12th grade; some college and above is study after upper secondary graduation.