FIG. 1.

Conceptual model of mTBI in humans, including pre-injury host factors, moderating effects of environment, injury mechanism and number of injuries, associated trauma exposure, and concomitant injuries. Co-morbid conditions exacerbate the effects of mTBI, whereas a supportive post-injury environment and intervention may mitigate the effects of mTBI. Host factors, including age, genotype, cognitive and brain reserve, may also moderate the effects of mTBI. Adapted from a figure provided by Randall Scheibel, PhD, and Elisabeth Wilde, PhD.