Fig. 1.

Macrophage polarization in RA synovium and related therapeutic targets. This figure summarizes the environmental cues that control macrophage polarization, the biomarkers for macrophage identity determination, and the therapeutic targets that modify the macrophage polarization and heterogeneity in RA. GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor; M-CSF, macrophage-colony stimulating factor; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; RNI, reactive nitrogen intermediate.; ROI, reactive oxygen intermediate; iNOS, inducible nitric-oxide synthase; CXCL, CXC-chemokine ligand; CCL, CC-chemokine ligand; TGF-β, transforming growth factor β; Ym1/2, chitinase like protein 1/2; Fizz, resistin like molecule; MR, mannose receptor; GR, galactose receptor; Arg1, arginase 1; JAK, Janus kinase