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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Apr 29.
Published in final edited form as: Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012 Aug 22;92(4):428–430. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2012.116

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Concepts in pharmacogenomics with potential to guide successful therapies when applied in concerted fashion. nsSNPs also stand for other sequence variants affecting protein structure (e.g., indels). Size of the arrows (up and down) estimates main influence of evolutionary selection pressure, with effects in opposite directions possible. Requiring stable biomarker targets, early therapy and prevention tend to rely more strongly on genetic factors. A drug-induced phenocopy mimicking a genetic mutation can replace this mutation in a gene-gene epistatic interaction.