Table 4.
Results of the multilevel analysis by predictors of skilled maternity care, North Gondar, 2012
|
Predictors |
n |
Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Level-1predictor variables (Individual and household characteristics) | ANC | Delivery care | PNC | ||
| Birth order |
1 |
335 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
| 2-3 |
657 |
0.75 (0.53, 1.07) |
0.60 (0.40, 0.90) |
0.98 (0.56, 1.71) |
|
| 4-5 |
439 |
0.66 (0.44, 0.99) |
0.51 (0.32, 0.85) |
0.58 (0.28, 1.20) |
|
| 6+ |
237 |
0.79 (0.50, 1.25) |
0.55 (0.31, 0.96) |
0.60 (0.26,1.38) |
|
| Mother's education |
No education |
1183 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
| Primary |
327 |
1.09 (0.80, 1.50) |
1.17 (0.79, 1.72) |
1.31 (0.76, 2.24) |
|
| Secondary and above |
158 |
1.68 (1.08, 2.60) |
1.94 (1.21, 3.10) |
1.72 (0.86, 3.47) |
|
| Husband education |
No education |
1057 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
| Primary |
430 |
1.34 (0.98, 1.82) |
0.83 (0.56, 1.22) |
0.83 (0.49, 1.39) |
|
| Secondary and above |
181 |
1.22 (0.77, 1.94) |
1.27 (0.77, 2.11) |
0.85 (0.43, 1.70) |
|
| Wealth quintile |
Lowest |
331 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
| Second |
340 |
1.02 (0.69,1.51) |
1.08 (0.66, 1.78) |
0.97 (0.44, 2.14) |
|
| Middle |
306 |
1.14 (0.75, 1.72) |
1.24 (0.74, 2.08) |
2.08 (1.01, 4.28) |
|
| Fourth |
357 |
1.03 (0.68, 1.56) |
1.51 (0.92, 2.46) |
1.35 (0.63, 2.86) |
|
| Highest |
334 |
0.83 (0.54, 1.27) |
1.21 (0.71, 2.05) |
1.44 (0.67, 3.13) |
|
| Awareness on risk of pregnancy |
No |
522 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
| Yes |
1146 |
1.35 (0.96, 1.89) |
1.10 (0.82, 1.75) |
1.52 (0.79, 2.93) |
|
| Health professionals preferred for the care |
No |
713 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
| Yes |
955 |
1.64 (1.14, 2.36) |
2.29 (1.50, 3.51) |
2.45 (1.31, 4.60) |
|
| Awareness on places to get skilled provider |
No |
341 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
| Yes |
1327 |
1.63 (1.07, 2.49) |
2.83 (1.54, 5.20) |
1.48 (0.64, 3.42) |
|
| Pregnancy wontedness |
Wanted/mistimed |
1511 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
| Unwanted |
157 |
0.79 (0.51, 1.22) |
0.59 (0.34, 1.03) |
0.67 (0.31, 1.42) |
|
| ANC in previous pregnancy |
No |
957 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
| Yes |
711 |
3.39 (1.98, 5.80) |
1.80 (1.31, 2.49) |
1.92 (1.20, 3.08) |
|
| Skilled ANC for this pregnancy |
No |
1130 |
|
1 |
1 |
| Yes |
538 |
|
1.90 (1.37, 2.63) |
0.76 (0.48, 1.20) |
|
|
Level 2 predictor variables |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Communal (kebele) characteristics |
|
|
|
|
|
| Main source of income |
Farming |
1214 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
| Mixed |
454 |
1.35 (0.47, 3.88) |
1.64 (1.18, 2.28) |
1.54 (1.03, 2.30) |
|
| Self sustained |
No |
445 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
| Yes |
1223 |
1.29 (0.21, 8.09) |
|
|
|
| Average distance to the nearest health center |
|
0.83 (0.46, 1.48) |
0.84 (0.69, 1.03) |
0.80 (0.63, 1.02) |
|
|
Health facility characteristics |
|
|
|
|
|
| Signal functions |
One or more missed |
583 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
| All present |
1085 |
1.14 (0.24, 5.51) |
1.96 (1.13, 3.40) |
1.16 (0.58, 2.35) |
|
| Availability of obstetric guidelines |
No |
900 |
|
|
1 |
| Yes |
768 |
|
|
1.13 (0.59, 2.18) |
|
| Payment requirements during delivery |
No |
1252 |
|
1 |
|
| Yes |
416 |
|
0.53 (0.32, 0.88) |
|
|
| Overall infrastructure |
Not satisfactory |
1153 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
| Satisfactory |
515 |
1.64 (0.39,6.92) |
0.98 (0.64, 1.51) |
1.51(0.74, 3.10) |
|
| Basic equipments |
Not satisfactory |
878 |
|
1 |
|
| Satisfactory |
790 |
|
1.12 (0.73, 1.72) |
|
|
| Random part |
|
|
|
||
| Var (ANC in previous preg) |
0.62 (0.22, 1.80) |
- |
- |
||
| Var (Preference of H. professionals for the care) |
0.07 (0.14, 4.05) |
- |
- |
||
| Var(cons) i.e. level-2 variance |
0.76 (0 .41, 2.21) |
5.64e-19 |
2.13e-18 |
||
| Rho - Intra-class correlation |
0.19 |
Nearly 0 |
Nearly 0 |
||
| Deviance (G2) | 1652 | 1167 | 670 | ||