Table 3.
Associations between daily emergency hospital visits and pollution levels (lag 0–2) in single-and three pollutant models
| |
O3 |
NO2 |
PM10 |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % (95% CI) | p | % (95% CI) | p | % (95% CI) | p | |
|
All |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Single-pollutant |
3.9 (1.7-6.1) |
<0.01 |
−1.4 (−3.3-0.6) |
0.17 |
0.1 (−0.9-1.2) |
0.86 |
| Three-pollutant |
5.3 (2.5-8.1) |
<0.01 |
1.5 (−1.0-4.1) |
0.24 |
−0.4 (−1.7-0.7) |
0.45 |
|
Females |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Single-pollutant |
5.7 (2.4-9.1) |
<0.01 |
−1.6 (−4.5-1.4) |
0.29 |
0.1 (−1.5-1.8) |
0.86 |
| Three-pollutant |
7.8 (3.6-12.1) |
<0.01 |
2.7 (−1.1-6.8) |
0.17 |
−0.6 (−2.4-1.2) |
0.51 |
|
Males |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Single-pollutant |
2.9 (0.1-5.8) |
0.04 |
−1.1 (−3.7-1.5) |
0.39 |
0.1 (−1.3-1.5) |
0.88 |
| Three-pollutant |
3.5 (0.1-6.9) |
0.04 |
0.6 (−2.6-3.9) |
0.73 |
−0.1 (−1.7-1.4) |
0.86 |
|
Elderly |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Single-pollutant |
3.3 (0.5-6.1) |
0.02 |
−0.1 (−2.6-2.5) |
0.96 |
0.0 (−1.4-1.4) |
0.98 |
| Three-pollutant | 6.5 (3.0- 10.1) | <0.01 | 3.9 (0.6-7.3) | 0.02 | −0.6 (−2.2-0.9) | 0.43 |
Results are given as percent (%) change in visits per interquartile range (μg/m3) increase. Models are adjusted for lag 1 of relevant visits, day-of-week and odd holidays, lag 02 temperature and relative humidity, and time trend with a cubic-penalized spline. Interquartile range of lag 02 variables: O3: 17.21 μg/m3, NO2: 12.93 μg/m3, PM10: 11.05 μg/m3.