Table 1.
Effects of LCS101 components on the immune system
| Compound | Immune effects | References |
|---|---|---|
| Astragalus membranaceus | Increases activity of macrophages, phagocytes and NK cells; increases antitumor effects of IL-2 | 12–15 |
| Atractylodes macrocephala | Promotes T-helper lymphocyte proliferation, antibody production, and cytokine secretion | 16,17 |
| Citrus reticulate | Increases T-cell (CD4/8) proliferation and IFN-γ and TNF-α production; reduces postradiation IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α levels | 18 |
| Glehnia littoralis | Reduces inflammatory-related cytokine production, neutrophil-mediated MPO activity, TPA-induced inflammatory damage, and acetate-induced vascular permeability | 19,20 |
| Lycium chinense | Increases T- and B-cell mitogenic stimuli (CD3, CD19, CD4, and CD8+) | 21 |
| Ligustrum lucidum | Increases local GVH reaction | 12 |
| Millettia reticulata | Increases CC1-induced anti-inflammatory effects (COX-2, NO synthase, myeloperoxidase) | 22 |
| Oldenlandia diffusa | Increases macrophage production of IL-6, TNF-α, and macrophage oxidative burst | 14,23 |
| Ophiopogon japonicus | Increases murine splenic weight; reduces cyclophosphamide-induced leukopenia | 24 |
| Paeonia lactiflora | Increases anti-inflammatory effects, NF-κB activation in B cells; attenuates dendritic cell maturation | 25,26 |
| Paeonia obovata | None found | |
| Poriae cocus | Increases phagocyte, thymus, splenic indices; increases murine spleen antibody production and delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction; reduces tumor-associated macrophage suppression | 27 |
| Prunella vulgaris | Increases monocyte/macrophage response, protein levels of inducible nitric oxide, and mRNA for TNFα; reduces ConA, LPS, and OVA-induced splenocyte proliferation; significantly reduces total IgG, IgG1 and IgG2b levels in immunized mice | 28–30 |
| Scuttellaria barbata | Increases post-5-FU thymus and spleen indices; increases NK cell activity; reduces lymphocyte proliferation and splenocyte NK, IL-2 activity | 31 |
Abbreviations: NK, natural killer; IL, interleukin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; MPO, myeloperoxidase; TPA, 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate; GVH, graft-versus-host; COX, cyclooxygenase; ConA, concanavalin A; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; OVA, ovalbumin; Ig, immunoglobulin; 5-FU, fluorouracil.