Table 3. Behavioural profiles of the 5 clusters and statistical comparisons.
| Variables (% ± SEM; p) | group A; n = 14 | group B; n = 14 | group C; n = 5 | group D; n = 4 | group E; n = 3 | |||||
| Behaviours: | ||||||||||
| inactivity*** | 31.5±3.7 | CD | 24.8±1.7 | CD | 11.8±1.2 | ABd | 82.5±2.8 | ABc”e” | 20.0±5.2 | “d” |
| investigation/manipulation** | 17.6±3.1 | cD | 17.9±2.5 | CD | 33.3±2.5 | aBde | 2.2±1.1 | ABc”e” | 8.9±1.3 | C“d” |
| maintenance B. | 9.2±2.0 | 10.3±1.7 | 5.6±1.6 | 3.9±1.9 | 7.0±3.7 | |||||
| locomotion | 8.2±2.8 | 3.6±0.7 | 7.8±1.8 | 0.8±0.5 | 3.0±0.4 | |||||
| social B.* : | 2.1±0.5 | b | 6.7±1.3 | ad | 4.4±1.1 | d | 0.8±0.5 | bc | 1.5±0.7 | |
| allogrooming** | 0.1±0.1 | B | 2.7±0.9 | A“d” | 0.4±0.4 | 0.0±0.0 | “b” | 0.0±0.0 | ||
| B. towards human* : | 2.5±1.1 | E | 1.0±0.4 | E | 3.1±1.8 | e | 0.0±0.0 | “e” | 24.1±5.2 | ABc“d” |
| threat* | 1.4±0.7 | E | 0.7±0.3 | E | 1.6±1.5 | e | “e” | 23.7±5.15 | ABc”d” | |
| submission** | 0.6±0.6 | “c” | 0.0±0.0 | “c” | 1.6±1.0 | “a””b” | 0.0±0.0 | |||
| displacement B.* : | 10.6±1.5 | c | 9.0±1.4 | e | 3.8±1.7 | ae | 5.8±2.5 | “e” | 19.2±4.8 | Bc“d” |
| vacuum chew | 2.4±0.7 | 2.2±0.4 | 1.1±0.6 | 2.2±0.9 | 8.9±1.7 | |||||
| yawn | 2.2±0.4 | 3.2±1.1 | 1.3±0.9 | 1.7±1.0 | 4.4±2.2 | |||||
| scratch* | 5.9±1.3 | c | 3.6±0.8 | 1.3±0.4 | a | 1.9±1.2 | 5.9±2.6 | |||
| cage shake*** | 3.2±0.9 | C | 4.8±1.1 | Cde | 21.1±2.8 | ABde | 0.8±0.8 | bc | 0.4±0.4 | bc |
| stereotypic B.* | 11.3±3.8 | Bd | 24.2±2.9 | AcD | 9.6±4.5 | b | 2.2±1.2 | aB | 15.5±7.4 | |
| feeding B.* | 8.3±1.9 | bd | 2.7±0.7 | ade | 2.2±1.0 | e | 0.6±0.3 | ab“e” | 7.0±1.0 | bc“d” |
| lipsmacking | 8.5±3.3 | 9.4±3.5 | 18.2±8.2 | 21.1±10.2 | 11.5±4.9 | |||||
| vocalization | 7.9±2.7 | 8.6±2.0 | 11.3±3.7 | 6.1±4.7 | 5.2±3.0 | |||||
| Behavioural switch** | 64.5±2.5 | cD | 69.6±1.6 | cD | 76.4±1.4 | abd | 32.8±6.2 | ABc“e” | 66.3±3.5 | “d” |
| Behavioural diversity*** | 16.2±0.7 | BD | 20.2±0.7 | AD | 19.0±1.0 | d | 8.0±1.3 | ABc“e” | 16.7±1.4 | “d” |
| Body postures: | ||||||||||
| biped** | 4.1±1.2 | Cd | 3.3±0.4 | CD | 13.6±2.2 | ABde | 0.0±0.0 | aBc | 3.3±1.7 | c |
| seated* | 64.2±4.8 | d | 67.5±3.6 | D | 58.7±5.6 | 33.0±6.9 | aB“e” | 59.2±8.5 | “d” | |
| on bars* | 17.3±3.6 | D | 18.2±3.2 | D | 16.9±6.6 | d | 62.5±8.6 | ABc“e” | 15.9±6.2 | “d” |
| four-legged** | 7.7±1.9 | De | 5.0±0.9 | DE | 6.9±1.0 | de | 0.3±0.3 | ABc“e” | 17.4±1.6 | aBc“d” |
| slumped | 5.9±2.1 | 4.4±1.1 | 2.2±1.0 | 4.2±2.9 | 3.0±1.0 | |||||
| Main B. while slumped: | n = 10 | n = 13 | n = 4 | n = 2 | ||||||
| inactivity | 8.7±3.7 | 12.0±5.8 | 0.0±0.0 | 62.5±37.5 | 0.0±0.0 | |||||
| investigation/manipulation | 11.8±9.8 | 19.5±7.8 | 61.7±21.7 | 0.0±0.0 | 11.1±11.1 | |||||
| maintenance B. | 49.5±12.4 | 44.1±11.0 | 33.3±23.6 | 25.0±25.0 | 58.3±30.0 | |||||
| Body orientations: | ||||||||||
| outside * | 64.7±2.1 | C | 61.2±5.2 | c | 42.2±3.0 | Abe | 51.7±16.7 | 67.0±7.5 | c | |
| ground* | 10.9±2.9 | 6.9±1.3 | e | 9.8±1.7 | e | 2.5±2.5 | “e” | 18.9±1.1 | bc“d” | |
| wall* | 24.4±2.7 | C | 31.9±5.3 | 48.0±3.1 | Ae | 45.8±17.5 | 14.1±8.0 | c | ||
| Main B. while oriented “ wall”: | ||||||||||
| displacement B.* | 7.4±1.7 | “d”E | 7.0±2.6 | e | 2.5±1.3 | e | 0.8±0.8 | “a” “e” | 26.4±3.9 | Abc“d” |
| inactivity** | 20.9±3.2 | cDe | 12.5±3.1 | D | 6.5±1.8 | ad | 88.8±4.1 | ABc“e” | 3.7±3.7 | a“d” |
| investigation/manipulation** | 28.3±5.6 | D | 20.3±4.3 | cd | 35.1±3.9 | bde | 2.0±1.6 | Abc“e” | 15.9±2.6 | c“d” |
| cage shake** | 10.5±3.6 | C | 11.4±3.6 | C | 36.0±3.7 | Abde | 3.3±3.3 | c | 0.0±0.0 | c |
| Cage locations: | ||||||||||
| back | 41.3±7.2 | 48.9±7.6 | 48.0±7.0 | 84.7±11.7 | 30.4±16.0 | |||||
| bottom* | 80.1±4.1 | D | 79.4±3.2 | D | 70.0±5.6 | d | 36.9±8.5 | ABc“e” | 81.5±7.5 | “d” |
| sides** | 60.9±4.0 | b | 75.1±3.5 | ae | 74.6±4.3 | 83.9±12.1 | 38.1±14.1 | b | ||
| Gaze directions: | ||||||||||
| observer | 28.8±3.9 | 28.2±4.0 | 21.8±4.9 | 23.6±7.2 | 47.8±4.6 | |||||
| still env.* : | 14.4±1.9 | C | 19.2±3.6 | c | 34.0±5.4 | Abe | 28.6±10.3 | 6.3±3.6 | c | |
| wall* | 9.9±1.6 | Ce | 14.1±3.3 | ce | 28.7±5.5 | Abe | 18.0±7.3 | 3.0±1.0 | abc | |
| manipulable object* | 9.8±3.2 | d | 6.0±1.5 | d | 12.0±3.6 | de | 0.3±0.3 | abc“e” | 4.1±0.4 | c“d” |
The mean percentages of occurrence (with regard to the 90 scans) and standard error means (SEM) per cluster are reported below for a selection of collected variables. The “behavioural diversity” is a mean number of distinct behaviours observed during the 90 scans. The “behavioural switch” between successive scans was calculated using a score for each scan: 0 if the behaviour was the same as in the previous scan, or 1 if it was different; the scores were added up within one session and transformed in a percentage with regard to the 15 scans of a session. The abbreviation “B.” stands for behaviour. Significant p-values after Kruskal-Wallis test are indicated by stars (*) in the left column (*: p<0.05; **: p<0.01; ***: p<0.001). Significant p-values in Mann-Whitney U tests before (small-letters, p<0.05) and after (capital letters, p<0.005) a Bonferroni adjustment are indicated on the right side of the SEM. The letters represent the groups versus which the p-values are significantly different for a given variable. P-values between quotation marks (« ») indicate significance (p<0.05) if small group size correction was not applied. Statistics concerning the “behaviours expressed whilst in a slumped posture” included only the 32 individuals that expressed this body posture at least once during the observations (H(4,32)). Group sizes including these individuals are indicated in the corresponding columns. See Table S1 for full Kruskal-Wallis statistics.