Table 5. Previous literature on long term outcome following peptic ulcer cohorts with follow-up over 30 d.

First Author	Operation	Year Published [citation]	Follow-up (y)	Total Deaths	Cause of Death (Percent of All Deaths)
					Neoplasms			Cardiovasculara	Respiratory	Digestiveb
					Any	Upper GI	Respiratory
Caygill	Vagotomy	1991 [34]	?	577	32.8	2.6	12.3	—	—	—
McIntosh	Gastric ulcer cohort	1991 [35]	10	305	17.4	1.6	4.6	51.5	10.8	7.2
Macintyre	Duodenal ulcer operation	1994 [36]	<20	791	31.7	0.02	0.03	35.5	8.0	2.8
Lindell	Unoperated peptic ulcer	1994 [37]	12	121	26.4	5.0	—	47.1	—	9.9
Staël von Holstein	Partial gastrectomy	1995 [30]	<20	399	22.3	1.8	7.5	49.9	9.5	5.3
Svanes	Perforated peptic ulcer	1999 [38]	18.8	817	10.8	1.2	3.8	13.8	4.0	8.8
Duggan	Peptic ulcer operation	1999 [39]	<20	224	10.7	—	—	42.9	13.8	10.3
Smart	Bleeding ulcer cohort	1986 [9]	<8	77	16.9	1.3	1.3	24.7	5.2	6.5
Rorbaek-Madsen	Bleeding ulcer cohort	1994 [7]	<8	45	—	—	—	—	—	6.7
Kubba	Bleeding ulcer cohort	1997 [8]	<6.5	30	10.0	—	—	66.7	16.7	6.7
Hudson	Bleeding ulcer cohort	1995 [3]	2.8 (mean)	142	23.9	3.5	7.0	34.5	19.7	5.6
Ruigomez	Bleeding ulcer cohort	2000 [4]	2.8 (mean)	155	12.9	—	—	36.8	17.4	9.0

We searched PubMed with no restrictions for “Cause of death”[Mesh] AND (“Peptic Ulcer”[Mesh] OR “Gastrointestinal hemorrhage”[Mesh]) and also examined the references of selected papers from the search results.

^aCardiovascular definitions varied from ischaemic heart disease only to including cerebrovascular disease.

^bDigestive disease definitions varied from peptic ulcer related to non-malignant GI disease.

GI, gastrointestinal.