Table 1.
Myofibroblast-Modulating Factors
| Myofibroblast-inducing factors | Myofibroblast-suppressing factors |
|---|---|
| Transcription-Regulating Factors | |
| Smad3 and Smad215 | Smad7 |
| MeCP216 | NF-κB30 |
| KLF517 | KLF415,22,31 |
| HMGA218 | PPARγ30,32 |
| SRF19,20 | Nkx2.533 |
| RTEF-121 | YB-134 |
| Sp1 and Sp317,22 | |
| C/EBPβ23 | |
| CSL24 | |
| c-Myb25 | |
| MRTF-A/MRTF-B20,26–28 | |
| Fli-129 | |
| Epigenetic Regulators and miRNAs | |
| DNMT135 | Other DNMTs16,42 |
| HDAC436,37 | miR-2943–48 |
| (HDAC6 and HDAC8)36 | |
| miR-19238 | Let718 |
| miR-13230 | miR-200a49 |
| miR-2139 | |
| miR-12940 | |
| miR-200b/c38 | |
| miR-216a41 | |
| Growth Factors, Cytokines, and Others | |
| TGFβ150–52 | Interferon-γ60 |
| P31110 | CXCL1061 |
| Wnt51,53 | |
| Jagged151,54 | |
| FAK52,55 | |
| NOX456–59 | |
| ECM, ECM-Modulating Proteins, and Physical Factors | |
| Stiff ECM3,62–65 | Soft ECM3,62,63 |
| ROS66,67 | |
| LOX68 | |
| LOXL269,70 | |
| Lysyl hydroxylase and PLOD271 | |
| Osteopontin72 | |
| Periostin13,14 | |
| CCN2 (CTGF)51,73,74 | |
| ED-A fibronectin1,75,76 | |
| Membrane-Bound and Surface-Expressed Proteins | |
| Endosialin (Tem1)9 | |
| Integrin | |
| α11β111 | |
| α3β111,53 | |
| αvβ311,50 | |
| αvβ550 | |
| Notch124,51,54,77 | |
The table summarizes recently identified proteins and factors that have regulated myofibroblast differentiation either directly or indirectly. For well-established myofibroblast modulators, such as TGFβ1, review articles are referenced.
C/EBP, CCAAT enhancer binding protein; CTGF, connective tissue growth factor; ED-A, extradomain A; FAK, focal adhesion kinase; Fli-1, friend leukemia integration; KLF, Kruppellike factor; PLOD, procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; RTEF, R-transcription enhancer factor; Sp, specificity protein; SRF, serum response factor; YB-1, Y-box binding protein-1.