Table 3.
Bivariate and Multivariate Associations between Neighborhood Characteristics and Sociodemographic Factors and Child Mental Health
| Anxiety / Depression | ADHD / Disruptive Behavior | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Variable | Frequency N (weighted %) | a Unadjusted OR Estimate (95% CI)c | b Adjusted OR Estimate (95% CI)c | a Unadjusted OR Estimate (95% CI)c | b Adjusted OR Estimate (95% CI)c |
| Neighborhood amenities | |||||
| (vs. All 4 amenities present) | 28493 (47.1) | ||||
| None present | 3121 (4.7) | 1.09 (0.83–1.43) | 0.99 (0.72–1.36) | 1.11 (0.89–1.38) | 0.88 (0.66–1.16) |
| 1 present | 5036 (7.9) | 1.50 (1.11–2.04) | 1.49 (1.05–2.12) | 1.46 (1.16–1.83) | 1.22 (0.95–1.56) |
| 2 present | 9627 (14.6) | 1.08 (0.84–1.41) | 1.07 (0.79–1.44) | 1.15 (0.95–1.40) | 1.03 (0.84–1.25) |
| 3 present | 16253 (25.7) | 1.20 (0.95–1.51) | 1.30 (1.01–1.69) | 1.06 (0.91–1.22) | 1.03 (0.86–1.22) |
| Neighborhood Poor Physical Features | |||||
| (vs. None present) | 46529 (72.0) | ||||
| 1 present | 11063 (18.0) | 1.22 (0.97–1.52) | 1.12 (0.86–1.47) | 1.10 (0.94–1.28) | 0.99 (0.83–1.17) |
| 2 present | 3751 (6.4) | 1.49 (1.12–1.98) | 1.04 (0.74–1.45) | 1.25 (1.00–1.56) | 0.88 (0.69–1.12) |
| 3 present | 1914 (3.6) | 2.49 (1.77–3.52) | 1.58 (1.01–2.46) | 1.96 (1.51–2.56) | 1.44 (1.04–1.99) |
| Supportive neighborhood | |||||
| (vs. Live in supportive) | 55236 (84.9) | ||||
| Do not live in supportive | 7715 (15.1) | 1.76 (1.42–2.19) | 1.71 (1.28–2.30) | 1.53 (1.30–1.80) | 1.47 (1.19–1.81) |
| Neighborhood safety | |||||
| (vs. Usually/Always safe) | 56930 (86.4) | ||||
| Never safe | 1034 (2.3) | 1.99 (1.34–2.97) | 0.80 (0.43–1.47) | 1.28 (0.96–1.70) | 0.82(0.52–1.30) |
| Sometimes safe | 5420 (11.3) | 1.46 (1.10–1.94) | 1.00 (0.66–1.51) | 1.36 (1.11–1.65) | 0.96 (0.75–1.23) |
| School safety | |||||
| (vs. Usually/Always safe) | 56933 (89.5) | ||||
| Never safe | 406 (1.1) | 3.45 (1.74–6.82) | 2.01 (0.78–5.23) | 1.54 (0.84–2.84) | 0.71 (0.26–1.97) |
| Sometimes safe | 4425 (9.4) | 1.51 (1.20–1.90) | 1.04 (0.75–1.45) | 1.55 (1.27–1.88) | 1.11 (0.88–1.41) |
| Child’s Age | |||||
| (vs. 6–8 years old) | 13592 (24.4) | ||||
| 9–11 years old | 14200 (24.1) | 1.20 (0.87–1.66) | 1.19 (0.81–1.74) | 1.56 (1.29–1.90) | 1.69 (1.38–2.08) |
| 12–14 years old | 16524 (26.1) | 1.67 (1.22–2.28) | 1.56(1.11–2.27) | 1.45 (1.21–1.90) | 1.51 (1.25–1.83) |
| 15–17 years old | 19760 (25.4) | 1.96 (1.45–2.65) | 1.84 (1.32–2.58) | 1.68 (1.38–2.04) | 1.72 (1.39–2.13) |
| Child’s Gender | |||||
| (vs. Female) | 30693 (48.9) | ||||
| Male | 33292 (51.1) | 1.28 (1.07–1.52) | 1.33 (1.09–1.62) | 2.43 (2.11–2.80) | 2.51 (2.15–2.92) |
| Child’s Race/Ethnicity | |||||
| (vs. White, non-Hispanic) | 43789 (57.2) | ||||
| Hispanic | 7357 (19.4) | 0.75 (0.55–1.03) | 0.54 (0.38–0.76) | 0.64 (0.50–0.81) | 0.51 (0.37–0.70) |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 6450 (15.1) | 0.83 (0.62–1.11) | 0.48 (0.33–0.70) | 1.19 (1.00–1.41) | 0.82 (0.67–1.00) |
| Other | 5389 (8.3) | 0.94 (0.71–1.24) | 0.84 (0.63–1.13) | 0.85 (0.68–1.06) | 0.78 (0.61–1.01) |
| Insurance Status Over Past 12 Months | |||||
| (vs. Uninsured) | 7731 (15.2) | ||||
| Insured | 56153 (84.8) | 1.13 (0.84–1.51) | 1.45 (1.03–2.05) | 1.17 (0.95–1.44) | 1.42 (1.11–1.81) |
| Annual Household Income | |||||
| (vs. 400% FPL or greater) | 24529 (30.1) | ||||
| 0–99% FPL | 7038 (17.3) | 1.96 (1.54–2.50) | 1.88 (1.35–2.64) | 1.94 (1.62–2.33) | 2.04 (1.61–2.58) |
| 100–199% FPL | 10643 (20.5) | 1.51 (1.15–1.99) | 1.75 (1.34–2.28) | 1.52 (1.24–1.85) | 1.55 (1.24–1.93) |
| 200–399% FPL | 21866 (32.1) | 0.92 (0.74–1.16) | 1.01 (0.80–1.28) | 1.11 (0.93–1.31) | 1.09 (0.91–1.30) |
| Parent’s Highest Education Received | |||||
| (vs. More than high school) | 41755 (61.9) | ||||
| Less than high school | 4606 (12.0) | 1.26 (0.87–1.84) | 0.89 (0.56–1.39) | 1.18 (0.92–1.51) | 0.90 (0.67–1.20) |
| 12 years/high school graduate | 12382 (26.1) | 1.25 (1.02–1.53) | 0.92 (0.74–1.15) | 1.29 (1.10–1.50) | 0.99 (0.85–1.16) |
| Parent’s Mental Health | |||||
| (vs. Excellent/Very good/Good) | 55416 (92.1) | ||||
| Fair/Poor | 3702 (7.9) | 4.22 (3.38–5.28) | 3.38 (2.51–4.56) | 3.68 (3.00–4.51) | 3.06 (2.47–3.78) |
FPL=Federal Poverty Level
a
Bivariate logistic regression analyses examining each neighborhood condition and each sociodemographic variable in a separate model
b
Multivariate logistic regression adjusted for all neighborhood conditions, age, race, gender, insurance status, parent’s education, annual household income, and parent mental health
c
Significant estimates are bolded.
Data Source: National Center for Health Statistics and Maternal and Child Health Bureau, National Survey of Children’s Health, 2007